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ed  from  Bull.  Iyab.  Nat.  Hist.,  Iowa,  Vol  4,  No.  4,  Dec.  1898. 


R.  I.  CRATTY 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES 


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:ri  The  Iowa  Sedges. 


By  R.  I.  CRATTY. 

a  _ 

The  CyperacecE  or  Sedge  Family  includes  about  one-twelfth 
of  the  flowering  plants  found  within  the  limits  of  our  state. 
It  comprises  about  65  genera  and  3,000  species  of  wide  geo¬ 
graphical  distribution  but  most  numerous  in  the  north  tem¬ 
perate  zone.  Of  the  20  genera  found  in  the  northern  United 
States  and  Canada,  10  are  known  to  occur  in  Iowa,  and  it  is 

probable  that  two  others,  Cladium  and  Rhyne  hosfiora ,  will  yet 
be  found. 

The  sedges  have  solid  stems  which  are  usually  triangular, 
the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  being  closed.  The  flowers,  which 
are  arranged  in  spikes  or  spikelets,  are  in  the  axils  of  single 
scales,  the  perianth  none,  or  replaced  by  bristles  in  Eriophorum, 
Dulichium,  and  in  most  species  of  Eleocharis  and  Stir-pus. 
The  fruit  is  a  triangular  or  lenticular  akene,  which  in  the 

genus  Carex  is  inclosed  in  a  sac,  technically  called  a  peri- 
gynium. 

There  is  found  in  Iowa  very  nearly  the  same  number  of 
species  belonging  to  each  of  the  two  great  families,  the  Cy- 
peracece  and  the  Graminea,  but  in  the  number  of  individual 
plants  the  former  is  very  greatly  out-numbered  by  the  latter. 
This  disparity,  so  noticeable  in  our  original  flora,  'is  being  in¬ 
creased  every  year  as  the  introduced  and  cultivated  grasses 
are  rapidly  taking  the  place  of  the  sedges  on  all  tillable  and 
closely  pastured  land. 

Those  species  of  sedge,  belonging  principally  to  the  genus 
Carex,  found  on  upland  prairies  and  in  the  woods  are  of  con¬ 
siderable  economic  value  for  pasturage,  but  on  the  open  lands 
are  usually  so  mature  at  the  time  the  native  grasses  are  ready 
to  be  mowed  as  to  be  of  little  value  for  hay.  If  closely  pas- 

IV— 4  2  D 


313 


3X4 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


tured  the  upland  prairie  sedges  are  quickly  destroyed,  but 
those  found  in  the  woods  where  the  shaded  ground  retains 
moisture  better,  survive  much  longer. 

When  we  consider  the  great  number  of  species  in  the  sedge 
family,  and  their  wide  geographical  distribution,  it  is  remark¬ 
able  that  an  introduced  foreign  species  is  so  rarely  met,  there 
being  but  a  very  few  in  the  United  States,  and  so  far  as 
known,  not  one  within  the  limits  of  Iowa.  Compared  with 
the  Graminece  in  this  respect  the  difference  is  very  striking. 
The  troublesome  introduced  grasses  of  our  state  are,  with 
one  or  two  exceptions,  annuals,  and  all  well  fitted  by  nature 
for  the  rapid  dissemination  of  their  seed  into  new  localities 
by  man’s  agency  as  he  carries  on  his  agricultural  operations, 
even  though  he  may  do  his  best  to  prevent  it.  The  carices 
which  comprise  much  the  greater  part  of  the  sedge  flora  of 
the  land  suitable  for  cultivation  being  perennials  are  ill  fitted 
to  survive  where  the  soil  must  be  frequently  turned  by  the 
plow,  but  in  Cy perns  esculentus  L.  we  have  at  least  one  excep¬ 
tion,  which  on  account  of  its  numerous,  small  tubers  is  able 
to  live  in  low  cultivated  land,  and  is  troublesome  in  some 
localities. 

In  the  distribution  of  our  native  plants  into  new  localities 
by  natural  agencies  the  wind  is  a  very  important  factor,  but 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  species  the  distribution  of  the 
sedges  by  this  means  is  comparatively  slow.  The  fruit  of 
such  plants,  however,  as  the  species  of  Eriphorum ,  is  quite 
well  fitted  for  rapid  distribution  by  high  winds.  The  seeds 
of  most  of  our  Composite^  and  many  other  plants  which  mature 
late  in  autumn,  are  often  carried  great  distances  over  the  crusted 
snow  by  the  strong  winter  winds,  but  the  fruit  of  the  sedges, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  is  not  retained  on  the  plants  long 
enough  to  avail  of  this  latter  means  of  transportation.  To 
the  action  of  waves  on  our  ponds  and  lakes,  and  to  the  cur¬ 
rents  of  streams,  especially  during  high  water,  we  must 
attribute  much  credit  for  the  distribution  of  the  seeds  of 
sedges.  This  is  especially  true  of  those  carices  having  an 
inflated  perigvnium  which  are  thus  enabled  to  float  very 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


315 


readily.  An  equal  amount  of  credit  is  perhaps  due  to  the 
birds,  especially  to  the  migratory  water-fowl,  which  pass  over 
the  state  in  great  numbers  every  spring  and  autumn.  The 
small  and  very  numerous  seeds  of  the  species  of  Cyferus, 
Eleocharis ,  and  other  shore  -  loving  sedges  fall  soon  after 
maturity,  and  mingling  with  the  sand  and  mud  on  the  shores 
of  lakes  and  streams  may  very  readily  adhere  to  the  feet  and 
legs  of  these  birds  and  be  carried  by  them  long  distances  in 
their  migrations,  while  the  akenes  of  many  of  the  larger  fruited 
sedges  when  eaten  by  the  birds  are  undoubtedly  protected 
by  the  indurated  seed-coats  which  are  characteristic  of  the 
plants  of  this  family. 

Those  species  of  sedges  which  delight  in  very  wet  situa¬ 
tions  seldom  flower  or  fruit  except  under  normal  condi¬ 
tions  of  moisture.  The  author  has  observed  several  species 
of  Carex  remaining  unfruitful  under  unfavorable  conditions 
for  a  period  of  from  five  to  ten  years. 

The  sedge  flora  of  Iowa  is  characteristically  eastern  and 
corresponds  quite  closely  with  that  of  the  bordering  states, 
and  though  lying  just  east  of  the  great  plains,  but  one  species, 
Carex  stenophylla  Wahl,  has  yet  been  found  which  does  not 
occur  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  richest  portion  of 
the  state  in  sedges  is  that  bordering  on  this  great  water-way. 
This  may  be  accounted  for  partly  because  of  the  greater 
diversity  of  soil,  surface,  woodland,  and  prairie  in  that  region, 
and  partly  because  the  natural  agencies  for  the  distribution  of 
seeds,  and  the  greater  rainfall  combine  to  favor  that  portion 
of  the  state. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  paper  over  one  thousand  speci¬ 
mens,  comprising  several  times  that  number  of  individual 
plants,  have  been  examined,  representing  all  portions  of  the 
state,  especially  the  eastern-central,  and  northern  portions 
which  have  been  the  most  thoroughly  explored.  The  region 
from  Sioux  City  to  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  state  is  the 
poorest  represented  in  the  citations,  and  it  is  in  this  region 
that  additional  western  species  are  to  be  the  most  confidently 
expected. 

iv — 4  2  D  2 


4989*2 


3i6 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Of  the  species  herein  listed  15  are  annuals,  divided  among 
the  genera  as  follows:  Cyperus,  7;  Eleocharis ,  4;  Steno- 
phyllus,  1 ;  Fimbristylis,  1 ;  Scirpus,  1 ;  and  Hcmicarpha ,  i, 
The  remainir.-g  species  of  these  and  all  the  other  genera  are 
perennials. 

The  classification  followed  is  that  of  Britton  and  Brown’s 
Illustrated  Flora  (1896-7).  The  names  used  in  Gray's 
Manual,  6th  edition,  and  in  previously  published  lists,  when 
different,  are  given  in  the  synonymy.  In  this  order,  however, 
the  changes  made  are  comparatively  few. 

In  the  study  of  the  material  at  my  command  I  have  been 
greatly  aided  by  having  access  to  several  sets  of  plants  deter¬ 
mined  by  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey,  of  Cornell  University,  Ithaca, 
New  York,  and  by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  of  Columbia  Univer¬ 
sity,  New  York  Citv.  The  former  gentleman  has  at  various 
times  greatly  aided  me  by  the  determination  of  carices  and 
by  the  exchange  of  specimens. 

My  thanks  are  also  here  tendered  to  the  following  persons 
for  specimens  and  other  assistance:  Prof.  B.  Shimek,  of  the 
Iowa  State  University  for  collections  made  in  various  parts  of 
the  state;  Prof.  Bruce  Fink,  of  Upper  Iowa  University,  at 
Fayette,  for  a  set  of  the  sedges  of  that  region;  Prof.  L.  H. 
Pammel,  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College,  for  the  privilege 
of  studying  the  Cyperacece  in  the  herbarium  of  that  institution, 
for  extensive  collections  made  in  various  parts  of  the  state, 
and  for  the  loan  of  literature;  Messrs.  VVm.  D.  Barnes,  of 
Blue  Grass,  and  A.  A.  Miller,  of  Eldridge,  Scott  County,  two 
most  excellent  collectors,  for  sedges  from  that  region  and  for 
many  valuable  notes  regarding  soil,  distribution,  etc.;  Prof. 
T.  J.  Fitzpatrick,  of  Graceland  College,  Lamoni,  for  speci¬ 
mens  from  Decatur  County  and  from  other  localities;  Prof. 
H.  W.  Norris  and  Frank  W.  Johnson,  of  Iowa  College, 
Grinnell,  for  the  loan  of  their  private  collections  and  a  portion 
of  the  college  herbarium;  Dr.  J.  C.  Arthur,  of  Purdue  Univer¬ 
sity,  Lafayette,  Indiana,  for  data  and  the  loan  of  specimens; 
Prof.  T.  H.  Baldwin,  of  Tabor,  Iowa,  for  specimens  of  his 
own  collection  and  a  list  of  the  sedges,  with  the  accompany- 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


317 

ing  data,  in  the  Arthur  collection  exhibited  at  the  Centennial 
Exposition,  and  now  the  property  of  Tabor  College.  My 
thanks  are  also  due  to  numerous  collectors  whose  names 
appear  in  the  citations.  For  numerous  kind  favors  I  am  also 
indebted  to  Prof.  T.  H.  Macbride,  of  the  Iowa  State  Univer¬ 
sity,  at  whose  request  this  paper  is  prepared. 

It  is  felt  that  this  catalogue  is  necessarily  incomplete,  there 
being  so  large  an  area  of  the  state  which  has  not  yet  been 
thoroughly  explored.  The  acknowledged  difficulty  of  this 
group  of  plants  has  caused  them  to  be  neglected  more  than 
the  higher  Phanerogams,  but  the  rapid  conversion  of  nearly 
the  whole  area  of  the  state  into  pastures  or  cultivated  fields 
should  incite  those  interested  in  our  indigenous  flora  to  secure 
specimens  for  preservation  with  as  little  delay  as  possible. 
Mature  fruiting  specimens  of  this  group  of  plants  from  new 
localities  or  of  species  not  herein  listed  are  solicted  by  the 
author  that  they  may  be  studied  and  published  in  future  lists, 
full  credit  for  which  will  be  given. 

The  table  here  appended  gives  the  extent  in  genera. and 
the  number  of  species  and  varieties  of  sedges  listed  in  the 
following  local  and  state  catalogues: 

GEN.  SP.  &  VARS. 


Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa, . 5  21 

Arthur,  FI.  Iowa  and  Add., . 9  92 

Hitchcock,  Plants  of  Ames, . 6  219 

Upham,  Flora  of  Minnesota, . 10  129 

MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val., . 11  97 

Brendel,  Flora  Peoriana, . 10  125 

Tracy,  Flora  of  Missouri, . 11  102 

Higby  and  Raddin,  FI.  Cook  Co.,  Ills.,  .  .  .  .  11  116 

Beal  and  Wheeler,  Flora  of  Michigan,  ....  13  206 

Beardslee,  Cat.  PI.  Ohio, . 12  120 

Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis., . 7  37 

Flagg  and  Burrill,  Ill.  Plants, . 13  153 

Bot.  Gaz.,  Flora  of  Indiana, . 12  108 

Bruhin,  Flora  of  Wisconsin, . 10  105 

Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb., . 6  33 

Webber,  FI.  Neb.  and  Rep.  I-IV, . 9  78 

Rydberg,  FI.  Black  Hills,  S.  D., . 4  28 

Williams,  Grasses  and  Forage  PI.,  Daks.,  ...  5  33 

Swezey,  Neb.  Flow.  Plants,  ........  5  29 

Fink,  Flora,  Fayette,  Iowa, . 5  34 


3i8 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


CYPERACE  JE. 

Cyperus  L.  Sp.  PL,  44  (1753). 

A  very  large  genus  of  annual  and  perennial  sedges,  widely 
distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  The  species 
are  of  little  economic  value,  furnishing  a  small  percentage  of 
inferior  pasturage  along  the  margins  of  ponds  and  streams 
and  on  marshy  land. 

Species  about  650. 

Illustrated  Flora,  32;  Gray’s  Manual,  6th  ed.,  25;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn. 
Valley,  9;  Arthur,  Flora  of  Iowa,  8;  Tracy,  Flora  of  Missouri,  16; 
Brendel,  Flora  Peoriana,  9;  Webber,  Flora  of  Nebraska,  and  Rep.  i-iv, 
11;  Williams,  Grasses  and  Forage  Plants  of  the  Dakotas,  4;  Fink 
Flora  of  Fayette,  Iowa,  6. 

1.  C.  diandrus  Torr.  Cat.  N.  Y.,  90  (1819). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  236,  fig.  544 ;  Gray’s  Man  ,  6th  ed.,  569;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames 
523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  93;  Tracy,  FI.  Missouri,  90;  Bren¬ 
del,  FI.  Peoriana,  61 ;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186;  Rydberg, 
FI.  Sand  Hils,  Neb.,  184;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Low  ground,  sandy  shores  of  streams  and  lakes.  Probably 
throughout  the  state  but  not  common.  Quite  variable,  closely 
approaching  the  next  species  in  some  forms. 

Muscatine  and  Ames,  Hitchcock ;  Decorah,  1881,  Holzuay ; 
Fremont  County,  1894 ,Fink;  Clinton  County,  1896,  Pammel; 
Moscow,  1894,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Grinnell,  Aug.,  188 6,  Johnson. 

2.  C.  rivularis  Kunth*  Enum.,  11,  6  (1837). 

C.  diandrus  var.  castaneus  Torr.,  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y.,  in,  252  (1836),  not  Willd. 
(1798). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  236,  Fig.  545;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  569;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock.  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  93;  Webber, 
App.  FI.  Neb.,  24;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.  iv,  105. 

Same  situations  as  the  last.  Varies  from  a  couple  of  inches 
to  over  a  foot  in  height.  A  beautiful  species,  the  bright, 
chestnut-colored  scales  very  conspicuous. 

Ames,  1875,  Arthur;  Lawler,  1890,  Rolfs;  Emmet  and 
Dickinson  counties,  various  collections,  C ratty ;  Woodbine, 
1874,  Burgess;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  frequent, 
Barnes  &  Miller ;  Charles  City,  Aug.,  1875,  Arthur. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES 


3*9 


3.  C.  inflexus  Muhl.  Gram.,  16  (1817). 

C.  aristatus  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  xxxv,  500  in  part  (1868),  not  Rottb.,  Desc. 
&  Icon.,  23  (1773). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  273,  fig.  549;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  507;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  11 ;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val., 
93;  Tracy,  FI.  Missouri,  91;  Brendel.  FI.  Peoriana,  61;  Hale,  Add.  FI. 
Wis.,  5;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  184;  Rydberg,  FI.  Black  Hills, 
S.  D.,  526;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Sandy  margins  of  streams  and  ponds;  throughout.  The 
long,  tapering,  recurved  points  of  the  scales  readily  distin¬ 
guish  this  from  any  of  our  other  species. 

Story  county,  1886,  and  Iowa  City7.  1887,  Hitchcock  •  Em¬ 
met  county,  1884,  ar,d  Dickinson  county,  1896,  C ratty ;  Ham¬ 
ilton  county,  1891,  Roifs;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Rink;  Clin¬ 
ton  county,  1896,  Pummel;  Johnson  county,  1894,  Fitzpatrick ; 
Nora  Springs,  July,  1889,  and  Clear  Lake,  1889,  'Johnson; 
Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Ames,  Sept., 
1897,  No.  444,  C.  C.  Ball. 

4.  C.  schweinitzii  Torr .  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y.,  in,  276  (1836). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  238,  fig.  551 ;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  597 :  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33 ; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  92;  Tracy, 
FI.  Missouri,  91;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278; 
Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Ililis,  Neb.,  183;  Williams,  Grass  and  Forage  PI. 
Daks.,  41;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Sand}7  margins  of  streams  and  lakes;  quite  variable.  Com¬ 
mon,  at  least  through  the  northern  half  of  the  state. 

Charles  City,  July,  1872,  Arthur;  Marshalltown,  1891, 
Stewart;  Ames,  1889,  Hitchcock ;  Newton,  1891,  Drew; 
Cedar  Rapids,  1891,  Pummel;  Emmet  county,  1882,  and 
Spirit  Lake,  1896,  Craity ;  Fremont  county,  1888,  Hitchcock; 
Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink;  Johnson  county,  Fitzpatrick ; 
Lynville,  Jasper  county,  July,  1888,  Morris ;  Scott  and  Musca¬ 
tine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller . 

5.  C.  ac  um  in  at  us  Torr .  &  Hook,  in  Torr.  Cyp.  435  (1836). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  239,  fig.  553;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  570;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  iv;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  90;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  61;  Bruhin,  Zwei. 
Nach.  Fl.  Wis.,  643;  Webber,  App.  FI.  Neb.,  24;  Rydberg.  FI.  Black 
Hills,  S.  D.,  526. 


320 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Margins  of  streams;  well  distributed  throughout  the  state, 
but  not  common. 

Woodbury  county  and  Sioux  City,  1888,  Hitchcock; 
Oquavvka,  Ills.,  Patterson;  Banks  of  Wapsipinicon,  Scott 
county,  July,  1896,  and  FoUetts,  Clinton  county,  Barnes  & 
Miller ;  Plymouth  county.  Arthur,  1.  c.;  Montrose,  1883,  Eh- 
inger ;  Jefferson  county,  1897,  No.  455,  Baldwin. 

6.  C.  ESCULENTUS  Z.  Sp.  PI.,  45  (1753).  PI.  x, 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  241,  fig.  559;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  571;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa, 
33;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  92; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  61;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5; 
Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  99;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Central,  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  the  state.  The 
narrow,  many  flowered  spikelets  are  straw-colored  when 
mature,  the  leaves  a  lighter  green  than  those  of  C.  strigosus 
or  C.  specsiosus.  Propagated  by  its  small,  edible  tubers  which 
make  it  occasionally  troublesome  in  low,  cultivated  fields. 

Charles  City,  July,  1875,  Arthur ;  Iowa  City  and  Ames, 
1889,  Hitchcock ;  Marshalltown,  1891,  Stewart;  Fayette 
county,  1893,  Fink;  Clinton  county,  1896,  Pummel;  Clayton 
county,  June,  1895,  Fitzpatrick ;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties, 
where  it  is  rather  frequent  in  cultivated  fields,  Barnes  & 
Miller;  Peru,  June  20,  1897,  No.  452,  Hollingsworth;  Lib- 
ertyville,  1897,  Baldwin ;  Mt.  Pleasant,  Oct.  1,  1897,  Dr.  Alitte. 

7.  C.  erythrorhizos  Muhl.  Gram.,  20  (1817).  PI.  1. 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  241,  fig.  560;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  571;  Hitchcock,  PI. 
Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  92;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91; 
Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  61;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278;  Williams,  Grass,  and 
For.  PI.  Dakotas,  41. 

Probably  throughout  the  state;  banks  of  streams  and  mar¬ 
gins  of  lakes.  Not  before  reported  from  Iowa.  The  linear 
spikelets  of  many  very  small  flowers  with  their  bright,  chest¬ 
nut-colored  scales  are  very  pretty  objects  under  the  lens. 

Estherville,  bank  of  Des  Moines  River,  1881,  Cratty ;  Story 
county  and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Clinton  county,  1896,  Pam- 
mel;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Bar7ies  &  Miller ;  Iowa 
Lake,  1897,  Panwiel  &  Cratty. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


321 


8.  C.  speciosus  Vahl.  Enum.,  11,  364  (1806). 

C.  michauxianiis  Gray,  Man.,  5th  ed.,  554  (1867),  not  of  Schultes  (1824). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  242,  fig.  562;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  572;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  91 ;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91 ;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI. 
Io wa,  123 ;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  61 ;  Hale,  Add.  Fl.  Wis.,  5;  Webber, 
FI.  Neb.,  99;  Williams,  Grass,  and  For.  PI.  Dakotas,  41. 

Low  grounds,  marshes  and  margins  of  streams  and  ponds. 
Throughout  the  state;  variable.  In  marshes  often  2  feet 
high;  not  as  handsome  in  the  dried  specimen  as  many  other 
species  of  the  genus.  Within  our  limits  it  is  often  found  asso¬ 
ciated  with  C.  erythrorhizos. 

Iowa  City,  Hitchcock;  Woodbine,  1874,  Burgess;  Daven¬ 
port,  1889,  Hitchcock;  Grinnell,  1886,  Johnson,  Scott  and 
Muscatine  counties,  1896,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  South  shore  of 
Iowa  Lake,  Emmet  county,  Aug.  27,  1897.  Cratty ;  Clinton 
county,  1896,  Pammel;  Decatur  county,  1897,  Fitzpatrick ; 
Creston,  Sept.  T3,  1897,  No.  464,  E.  P.  Bettenga;  Liberty- 
ville,  1897,  Baldwin. 

Note. — C.  engelmanni  Steud.,  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  47  (1853),  has  been  reported 
from  Iowa,  but  1  have  been  unable  to  find  any  specimen  of  this  species  in 
any  collection  in  the  state.  It  is  reported  by  Wheeler  in  Fl.  Milwaukee 
Co.,  Wis.,  186;  by  Tracy  in  Fl.  Mo  ,  90;  by  Brendel  in  Fl  Peoriana,  88,  and 
by  Webber  in  Fl.  Neb.,  95.  \It  probably  occurs  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  and  can  be  distinguished  from  the  above,  to  which  it  is  closely  re¬ 
lated,  by  its  more  slender  spikelets,  and  the  tips  of  the  scales  not  reaching 
to  the  succeeding  one  on  the  same  side. 

9.  C.  STRIGOSUS  L.  Sp.  PI.,  1,  47  (1753). 

Illus.  Flora.  1,  243,  fig.  565;  Gray’s  Man.  6th  ed.,  571 ;  Arthur,  Fl.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  91;  Tracy, 
Fl.  Mo.,  91 ;  Brendel,  Fl.  Peoriana,  61;  Wheeler,  Fl.  Milwaukee  Co., 
Wis.,  186;  Rydberg,  Fl.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  183;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci., 
iv,  105. 

Our  commonest  and  most  variable  species  in  low,  wet 
ground,  growing  from  a  few  inches  to  two  or  three  feet  in 
height.  Perennial  by  basal  corm-like  tubers. 

Grinnell,  Aug.,  1884,  Norris,  Johnson;  Iowa  City,  Hitch¬ 
cock  ;  Cedar  Rapids,  1891,  Pammel;  Muscatine,  Reppert ; 
Emmet  county,  1896,  and  Kossuth  county,  1897,  Cratty ;  De¬ 
catur  county,  Sept.,  1896,  Fitzpatrick ;  Scott  and  Muscatine 


322 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


counties,  1896,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Charles  City,  Aug.,  1875, 
Arthur;  Muscatine,  1897,  Ball. 

The  following  varieties  also  occur,  in  Iowa,  specimens  of 
each,  determined  by  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton  being  in  the  herbarium 
of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College  at  Ames. 

10.  C.  strigosus  robustior  Kunth.  Enum.,  11,  88  (1837). 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  243. 

Habit  and  range  of  the  type,  but  less  common.  Spikelets 
nearly  an  inch  long,  10-25  flowered. 

Ames  and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Woodbine,  1878,  Burgess. 

11.  C.  strigosus  capitatus  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  xxxvi,  347 

(1869-70). 

Illut.  Flora,  1,  243. 

Low  ground  in  marshes,  rare;  not  before  reported  from  the 
state.  A  very  small,  slender  form,  the  plants  only  a  few 
inches  tall  with  the  5-15  flowered  spikelets  arranged  in  capi¬ 
tate  clusters.  It  is  possible  that  this  is  merely  a  state  of  the 
type  produced  by  a  very  dry  season. 

Algona,  Hitchcock;  Emmet  county,  in  a  marsh  1  y2  miles 
east  of  Armstrong,  Aug.,  1896,  Cratty. 

12.  C.  strigosus  compositus  Britton.  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

xiii,  212  ( 1886). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  243. 

Rather  rare  in  swamps  or  low  ground.  The  umbel  very 
compound,  the  4-6  flowered  spikelets  clustered  in  cylindrical 
heads.  Plants  6-18  inches  high. 

Charles  City,  Arthur ;  Lawler,  1890,  Rolfs;  Scott  county, 
Barnes  &  Miller ;  Iowa  Lake,  Emmet  county,  Aug.,  1897, 
Cratty. 

13.  C.  filiculmis  Vahl.  Enum.,  11,  328  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  245,  fig.  571;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  570;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  92;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  91;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  61;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278;  Webber, 
FI.  Neb.,  99;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Sandy  soil,  margins  of  streams  and  lakes;  most  frequent  in 
the  eastern  half  of  the  state.  Quite  variable. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


323 


Ames,  1889,  Hitchcock;  Charles  City,  1875 ,  Arthur  ;  Cedar 
Rapids,  1891,  Pammel ;  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock;  La  Crosse, 
Wis.,  Pammel ;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink;  Clinton,  1895, 
Pammel ;  Cedar  Rapids,  a  peculiar  form  in  general  appear¬ 
ance  approaching  C.  schweinitzii  Torr .,  Hitchcock;  Scott  and 
Muscatine  counties  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Hancock  county,  1881, 
Ehinger ;  Johnson  county,  July  15,  1897,  Shimek ;  Muscatine 
Island,  Louisa  county,  Aug.  1,  1897,  Meyers;  Belmond,  1897, 
Pammel. 

DULICHIUM  L.  C.  Richards.  Pers.  Syn.,  1,  65  (1805). 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  eastern  half  of  North  America. 

1.  D.  arundinaceum  (A.)  Britton.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xxi, 

29  (i894)- 

D.  spathaceum,  Pers.,  Syn.,  i,  65  (1805). 

lllus.  Flora,  1,  247,  fig.  576;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  573;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  90;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91;  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana,  6i;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186;  Webber,  App, 
FI.  Neb.,  24. 

Low,  wet  places;  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state; 
rather  rare. 

Ames,  June,  1871,  Arthur;  Story  county,  Hitchcock ;  La 
Crosse,  Wis.,  Pammel.  Im  bogs  along  Skunk  River,  Jasper 
county,  July  3,  1886,  Johnson;  Moscow,  Muscatine  county, 
1893,  and  Noels,  Scott  county,  1894,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

ELEOC  HARIS  R.Br.  Proc.  Nov.  Hoi.,  i.  209  (1810). 

Sedges  with  simple,  leafless  culms,  bearing  single  capitate 
or  elongated  spikes,  the  akene  surmounted  by  a  tubercle  and 
usually  subtended  with  bristles.  Annuals  or  perennials,  abound¬ 
ing  in  water  or  wet  situations. 

Species  about  100. 

Illus.  Flora,  22;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  21;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  7. 
Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  5;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  6;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  5;  Web¬ 
ber,  FI.  Neb.  and  Rep.  i-iv,  6;  Fink,  FI.,  Fayette,  Iowa,  3. 


324 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


1.  E.  atropurpurea  ( Retz .)  Kunth.  Enum.  ii,  151  (1837). 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  250,  fig.  582;  Webber,  App.  FI.  Neb.,  24;  Dr.  Britton  in  Torr. 
Bull,  xviii,  166. 

A  widely  distributed  species  of  the  southern  United  States 
and  tropical  America. 

Found  growing  in  wet  sand  at  Fruitland,  Muscatine  county, 
by  Mr.  Reppert.  The  plant  is  about  2]/2  inches  high,  the 
culms  wiry,  the  spikes  ovoid,  1  y2  lines  long  by  1  line  wide. 
It  resembles  the  eastern  E.  olivacea  Torr.  but  grows  from  an 
annual  root.  Probably  very  rare  within  our  limits;  not  before 
reported  from  Iowa.  Mr.  Wm.  D.  Barnes  who  communicated 
the  plant  to  me  cites  this  as  a  probable  example  of  a  southern 
plant  brought  to  us  by  the  agency  of  migratory  water-fowl 
which  resort  to  that  locality  in  great  numbers. 

2.  E.  ovata  ( Roth .)  R.  &  S.  Syst.,  11,  152  (1817). 

E.  obtnsa  Schultes,  Mont.,  11,  89  (1824). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  251,  fig.  584;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  574;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  iv ;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  102 ;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91 ;  Bren- 
del,  FI.  Peoriana,  61;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278;  Webber,  Fl.  Neb.,  99; 
Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Wet  soil,  southern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state.  Very 
variable  in  regard  to  height,  and  size  of  the  spikes. 

Ames  and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Kellogg,  1877,  collector 
unknown;  Keokuk,  Hitchcock ;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink ; 
Moscow,  1894,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Appanoose  county,  July, 
1896,  and  Decatur  county,  Aug.,  1898,  Fitzpatrick ;  Grinnell, 
June,  1894,  Johnson;  Peru,  July  20,  1897,  No.  393,  Hollings¬ 
worth;  Birmingham,  Aug.  15,  1897,  Baldwin. 

Note. — E.  engelmanni  Steud.,  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.,  79  (1855),  ( E .  obtusci  var.  de- 
tonsa  Gray)  has  been  collected  on  the  Mississippi  bottoms  at  Oquawka,  Ill., 
by  Mr.  H.  N.  Patterson,  and  probably  occurs  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
the  state.  It  is  also  reported  from  Kansas  by  Smythe. 

3.  E.  palustris  (Z.)  R.  &  S.  Syst.,  n,  151  (1817). 

Scirptis  palustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  47  (1753). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  251,  fig.  586;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  575;  Arthur,  Fl.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  101 ;  Tracy, 
Fl.  Mo.,  91;  Bessey,  Cont.  Fl.  Iowa,  123;  Brendel,  Fl.  Peoriana,  61; 
Wheeler,  Fl.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186;  Webber,  Fl.  Neb., 99;  Rydberg, 
Fl.  Black  Hills,  S.  D.,  527;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


325 


Everywhere  very  common  in  low  ground,  margins  of 
streams  and  ponds,  and  in  swamps.  Very  variable  in  size, 
from  1  foot  or  less  in  height,  with  spikes  2-6  lines  in  length,  to 
4  feet  high,  with  spikes  8  lines  long  and  3  lines  wide. 

Ames,  various  collectors;  Emmet  county,  Cratty ;  Hamil¬ 
ton  county,  1891,  Rolfs ;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink ;  Shelby 
county,  Fitzpatrick ;  Grinnell,  June,  1886,  Johnson ;  Scott  and 
Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Decatur  county,  1897, 
Fitzpatrick ;  Missouri  Valley,  June  21.  1897,  Pammel ;  Gil¬ 
bert,  July  17,  1897?  Combs  &  Ball. 

4.  E.  Palustris  glaucescens  (  Willd.)  Gray.  Man.,  5th 

ed.,  558  (1867). 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  252 ;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  575;  Upham,  FI.  Minn.,  1 5 1 ;  Ryd¬ 
berg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  184. 

Low,  wet  ground,  eastern  half  of  the  state;  perhaps  often 
confounded  with  the  type  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by 
its  more  slender  culms,  smaller  akene,  and  narrower  and  more 
acute  tubercle.  Not  before  reported  from  Iowa. 

Davenport,  1889,  and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock. 

5.  E.  acicularis  (Z.)  R.  &  S. 

Scirpus  acicularis  L.  Sp.  PI.,  1,  48  (1753). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  252,  fig.  587;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  576;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  100;  Tracy; 
FI.  Mo.,  91;  Bessev,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  123;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62; 
Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  184;  Williams, 
Grass,  and  For.  PI.  Daks.,  41;  P'ink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Very  common  throughout;  edges  of  streams  and  ponds  and 
low  wet  meadows;  spikes  more  loosely  flowered  than  our 
other  species. 

Charles  City,  Aug.,  1875,  Arthur ;  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock; 
Emmet  and  Dickinson  counties,  1896,  Cratty ;  Fayette  county, 
1893,  Fink;  Ames,  1883,  Hitchcock ;  Powesheik  county,  July, 
1888,  Johnson;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  & 
Miller ;  Kossuth  county,  1897,  Cratty ;  Missouri  bottom  near 
Bartlett,  Sept.  20,  1897,  Baldzvin;  Gilbert,  July  17,  1887,  No. 
438,  Combs  &  Ball. 


32 6  NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 

6.  E.  wolfii  (A.  Gray )  Britton.  Jour.  N.  Y.  Micros.  Soc. 

V,  105  (1889.) 

Scirpus  wolfii  Gray.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  x,  77  (1874). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  252,  fig,  588;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  576;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 

Iowa,  vi ;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  99;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  61. 
«  » 
Low  ground  on  prairies,  the  culms  much  compressed,  light 

colored  and  weak.  A  rare  species,  also  occurring  locally  in 

Illinois  and  southern  Minnesota. 

Emmet  county,  1886,  Cratty ;  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock. 

7.  E.  tenuis  (  Willd.)  Schultes. 

Scirpus  tenuis  Willd,  Enum.,  1,  76  (1809). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  255,  fig.  595;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  575;  MacMillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  100:  T racy,  FI.  Mo.,  91 ;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  WheeleY, 
FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186. 

Probably  rare  within  our  limits;  not  before  reported  from 
Iowa.  Its  perennial  habit  at  once  distinguishes  the  growing 
plant  from  E.  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Schultes,  with  which  the 
dried  plant  is  apt  to  be  confounded  when  not  in  mature  fruit. 

Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Grinnell,  May,  1886,  Norris ;  Deca¬ 
tur  county,  May  24,  1897,  probably  this,  the  fruit  not  matured, 
Fitzpatrick. 

8.  E.  acuminata  ( Muhl .)  JVees.  Linnsea,  ix,  294  (1835). 

E.  compressa  Sulliv.  Sill.  Jour.,  xlii,  50  (1842). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  255,  fig.  595;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  576;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  101 ;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91;  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana,  61 ;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl. 
Hills,  S.  D.,  527. 

Low  ground,  southern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state. 
Probably  not  very  common  within  our  limits. 

Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Grinnell,  June,  1894,  Johnson ;  Scott 
and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Hancock  county, 
1881,  Filing er ;  Ames,  July,  1875?  Arthur;  Peru,  July,  1897, 
No.  395,  Hollingsworth. 

9.  E.  intermedia  ( Muhl. )  Schultes.  Mant.,  11,  91  (1824). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  255,  fig.  597;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  575;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  100;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91;  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana,  61;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


327 


Low  ground,  probably  rare  within  our  limits.  Distinguished 
from  E.  tenuis  (  Willd.)  Schultes,  which  it  somewhat  resembles, 
by  its  annual,  fibrous  root,  smoother  akene  with  persistent 
bristles. 

Story  City,  1891,  Pammel;  Charles  City,  Aug.,  1875, 
Arthur. 

STENOPHYLLUS  Raf.  Neog.  4  (1825). 

A  genus  of  about  20  annual  or  perennial  sedges,  represented 
in  the  northern  United  States  by  a  single  species. 

1.  S.  capillaris  (A.)  Britton.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xxi,  30 
(1894). 

Fimbristylis  capillaris  A.  Gray.  Man.,  ist  ed.,  530  (1848). 

lllus.  Flora,  1,  258,  fig.  603;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  578;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa  iv;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  103;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92;  Bren- 
del,  FI.  Peoriana,88;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5 ;  Webber,  App.  FI.  Neb.,  24. 

Rare  in  sand  on  banks  of  streams;  eastern  portion  of  the 
state.  Readily  distinguished  from  the  next  growing  in  similar 
situations  by  its  very  numerous  and  finely  capillary  culms. 

Fruitland,  Muscatine  County,  Aug.,  1896,  and  Noels,  Scott 
county,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  bank  of  Mississippi  River  at 
Oquawka,  Ills.,  Patterson. 

FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl.  Enum.,  11,  285  (1806). 

A  large  genus  with  culms  leafy  below  and  bearing  spike- 
lets  in  small  umbels  or  capitate  heads.  It  differs  from  the 
preceding  genus  in  having  the  swollen  base  of  the  style  de¬ 
ciduous. 

North  America,  8  or  9  species. 

Illus.  Flora,  4;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  3;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  2;  Webber,  App. 
FI.  Neb.,  1. 

i.  F.  autumn alis  (Z.)  R.  &  S.  Syst.,  11,  97  (1817). 

Scirpus  autumnalis  L.  Mont.,  11,  180  (17S1). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  260,  fig.  608;  Gray’s  Man.  578;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92;  Brendel, 
FI.  Peoriana,  62. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


328 

Rare  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  sandy  margins  of 
streams  and  ponds;  variable. 

Keokuk,  E lunger ;  Oquawka,  Ills.,  Patterson ;  Fruitland, 
Muscatine  county,  a  form  more  slender  than  the  type  in  wet 
soil.  Also  from  Moscow,  a  lower,  very  densely  tufted  form 
with  minutely  papillose-hairv  leaves,  the  spikelets  oblong, 
about  3  lines  long,  the  akene  larger.  Barnes  &  Miller. 

Note. — F.  castanea  (Michx.)  Vahl,  Enum.,  11,  292  (1806),  ( F .  spadtcea  var. 
castanea  Torr.)  was  collected  on  the  Mississippi  bottoms  near  Oquawka,  Ill., 
Aug.,  1884,  by  Mr.  H.  N.  Patterson,  and  probably  occurs  on  the  Iowa  side 
of  the  river.  It  is  also  reported  from  Nebraska  and  Missouri. 


SC  I  R  PUS  L.  Sp.  PL,  47  (1753). 

A  large  genus  of  annual  or  perennial  sedges,  our  species 
varying  in  height  from  a  few  inches  to  eight  or  ten  feet. 
Stems  leafy  in  all  the  Iowa  species  except  S.  lacustris  L. 
where  they  are  reduced  to  basal  sheaths. 

Species  about  200;  35  or  40  in  the  United  States. 

Ulus.  Flora,  28;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  17;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  6;  MacMillan, 
Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  5;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  9;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  3;  Web¬ 
ber,  FI.  Neb.,  and  Rep.  i-iv,  9;  Williams,  Grass  and  For.  PI.  Daks.,  5; 
Fink,  FI.  Fayette,  Iowa,  2. 

1.  S.  hallii  A.  Gray.  Man.,  2nd  ed.,  Add.  (1863.) 

A.  supinus  var.  hallii  A.  Gray.  Man.,  5th  ed.,  563  (1867). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  264,  fig.  615;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed  ,  580;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92; 
Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88. 

A  low,  tufted  annual,  growing  in  wet  soil,  and  very  rare 
within  our  limits.  Not  before  reported  from  Iowa. 

Muscatine  county,  Revert.  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Wm. 
D.  Barnes  of  Blue  Grass  for  his  single  specimen  for  examina¬ 
tion. 

2.  S.  americanus  Pers.  Svn.,  1,  68  (1805). 

A.  triangularis  (Pers.),  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  99  (1892). 

S.  pungens  Vahl.  Enum.,  11,  255  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  255,  fig.  618;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  579;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  vi ;  Hitchcock,  Pl.’Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  99; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92;  BrendelJFl.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278; 
Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  99;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  I).,  526. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


329 

Rather  rare  in  swamps  and  along  the  edges  of  ponds. 
Probably  throughout  the  state. 

Ames,  1885,  and  Davenport,  1889,  Hitchcock ;  Walled  Lake, 
1889,  Bessey ;  Powesheik  county,  June,  1885,  yohnson  ;  Scott 
and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Granite,  Lyon 
county,  June,  1897?  Shirnek. 

3.  S.  LACUSTRIS  L.  Sp.  PL,  I,  48  (1753). 

S.  validus  Vahl.  Enum.,  ir,  268  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  266,  fig.  623;  Grav’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  580;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Vah.  98;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  92;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  123;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62; 
Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb., 
184;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  526;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Our  most  common  species;  shallow  water,  margins  of 
streams  and  lakes.  Varies  greatly  in  the  size  of  its  spikes 
and  panicle,  the  culm  from  ^  to  1  inch  in  diameter  at  the  base. 
The  leaves  of  this  species  are  reduced  to  basal  sheaths. 

Ames,  1884,  Hitchcock;  Emmet  county,  1890,  and  Spirit 
Lake,  1896,  Cratty ;  Monticello,  1876,  Bessey ;  Lawler,  1876, 
Rolfs;  Charles  City,  Arthur ;  Greene,  1891,  Miss  Price; 
Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink ;  Powesheik  county,  June,  1895, 
yohnson ;  Allamakee  county,  1897,  Pummel;  Scott  and  Mus¬ 
catine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Kossuth  county,  July  21, 
1897,  Pammel. 

4.  S.  fluvi atilis  (  Torr.)  Gray ,  Man  ,  1st  ed.,  527  (1848). 

A.  mciritimus  xa.x .  fluviatilis  Torr.,  Ann.  Lyc.  iv,  N.  Y.,  hi,  324  (1836). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  268,  fig.  628;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  581,;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  in;  Hitchcock,  PI.  A  nos,  503;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val., 
98;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis., 
278;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  184;  Williams,  Grass,  and  For. 
PI.  Daks.,  42. 

Marshes,  central,  and  northern  portions  of  the  state,  less 
common  than  the  preceding.  A  very  coarse  plant  with 
numerous  leaves,  one-half  inch  or  more  in  width,  and  large, 
triangular  black  akenes,  2  lines  long. 

Ames,  1885,  and  Carnsforth,  Hitchcock ;  Emmet  and  Kos¬ 
suth  counties,  Cratty ;  Ames,  1877,  Arthur ;  Jasper  county, 
1886,  yohnson . 

iv — 4  2  E 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


330 

5.  S.  atrovirens  Muhl.  Gram.,  43  (1817), 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  269,  fig.  630;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  581;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33^ 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;Mac  Millan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  97;  Tracy,  FI. 
Mo.,  92;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  123;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  ro5; 
Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186;  Web¬ 
ber,  FI.  Neb.,  99. 

Throughout  the  state;  very  common  in  low  ground  or 
swamps.  A  broad-leaved  species  with  very  numerous  small 
spikelets  in  dense  capitate  clusters.  The  var.  pallidus  Britton 
has  been  found  in  Minnesota  and  Nebraska  and  is  to  be  sought 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state. 

Woodbine,  1874,  Burgess ;  Ames,  1886,  Hitchcock ;  Musca¬ 
tine,  Ref  pert ;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink;  Shelby  county, 
June,  1894,  Fitzpatrick;  Webster  county,  1891,  Hitchcock ; 
Grinnell,  July,  1895,  Johnson ;  Emmet  and  Kossuth  counties, 
1897,  Cratty ;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ; 
Charles  City?  Arthur ;  Boone,  July,  1897,  Steele ;  Birmingham, 
Aug.,  1897,  No.  453,  Baldwin;  Kossuth  county,  Aug.  21, 
1897,  Pammel;  Nevada,  July  2,  1897,  Vernon;  Mount  Pleas¬ 
ant,  Oct.  1,  1897,  Dr.  Mitte. 

6.  S.  lineatus  Mich.  FI.  Bor.  Am.,  1,  32  (1803). 

Eriophorum  lineatum  Benth.  &  Hook.,  Gen.  PI.,  111,  1,052  (1883). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  270,  fig.  635;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  582;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  523;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  96;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  92;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278. 

Low  ground,  margins  of  streams  and  in  swamps;  not  com¬ 
mon.  This  and  the  following  species  are  often  referred  to 
Eridfhoruni  from  which  genus  they  differ  principally  in  having 
the  bristles  to  the  akenes  much  shorter. 

Ames,  Hitchcock ;  Clinton,  1896,  Ball ;  Story  county,  June, 
1886,  'Johnson;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  & 
Miller ;  Decatur  county,  July  2, 1896,  Fitzpatrick;  Fort  Dodge, 
July  5,  1897,  Shimek ;  Peru,  July  20,  1897,  No.  394,  Hollings¬ 
worth;  Debar,  July  5,  1897,  Sample. 

7.  S.  cyperinus  (A.)  Kunth .  Enum.,  n,  170  (1837). 

Eriophorum  cyperinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  2nd  ed.,  77  (1762). 


33i 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  271,  fig.  636;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  582;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  96;  Brendel, 
FI.  Peoriana,  88;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186:  Rydberg,  FI. 
Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  527;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Habitat  and  range  similar  to  the  preceding  from  which  it 
differs  in  having  the  spikelets  in  capitate  clusters, ®band  the 
bristles  to  the  mature  fruit  much  longer.  A  variable  plant. 

Iowa  City,  Hitchcock;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink;  Jasper 
county,  Aug.,  1885,  Johnson;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties, 
Barnes  &  Miller ;  Charles  City,  Arthur. 

ERIOPHORUM  L.  Sp.  Pl.  52  (1753). 

A  small  genus  of  perennial  bog  sedges  restricted  to  the 
northern  hemisphere.  The  perfect  flowers  are  disposed  in 
solitary,  capitate  or  umbelled  spikes,  and  are  furnished -with  a 
perianth  of  few  or  numerous  bristles  which  are  much  elon¬ 
gated  in  fruit  and  very  conspicuous,  whence  the  popular  name, 
Cotton-Grass. 

Species  about  10. 

Illus.  Flora,  7;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  5;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  2;  MacMillan, 
Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  5 ;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  1 ;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  2 ;  Web¬ 
ber,  FI.  Neb.,  and  Rep.  i-iv,  2. 

1.  E.  polystachyon  L.  Sp.  PI.  52  (1753). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  273,  fig.  641;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  583;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  in;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val., 
95;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  123;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88;  Wheeler, 
FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  186;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Swamps,  throughout  the  northern  and  eastern  portions  of 
the  state.  Quite  variable  in  regard  to  width  of  leaves,  size  of 
spikes,  and  length  of  bristles.  The  latter  are  usually  a|bright 
white,  but  forms  were  collected  by  the  author  in  Emmet 
county  with  the  bristles  slightly  russet-tinged,  and  a  similar 
form  was  collected  by  Prof.  B.  Fink  in  Fayette^county.  The 
color,  though  similar,  is  much  lighter  than  that  of  E.  russeo- 
lum  Fries. 


iv— 4  2  E  2 


332 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Ames,  June,  1870 ,  Arthur ;  Emmet  and  Kossuth  counties, 
numerous  collections,  C ratty ;  Eremont  county,  1894,  Fink; 
Rock  Creek  tp.,  Jasper  county,  April  10  and  May  29,  1896, 
Johnson ;  Eldridge,  Scott  count}^,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

2.  E.  gracile  Koch.  Cat.  11,  259  (1800). 

E.  gracile  var.  paucinervium  Eng.,  Gray’s  Man.,  2nd  ed.,  502  (1852). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  273,  fig.  642;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  583;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  v;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  94;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92;  Bren- 
del,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  H il  1 
Neb.,  184. 

A  slender  bog  species  with  spikes  one-half  the  size  of  those 
of  the  preceding  species,  the  bristles  shorter.  Our  plant  is 
what  was  formerly  called  the  var.  ftaucinervium  Eng.  The 
plant  is  also  common  in  northern  Europe. 

Emmet  county,  May,  1883,  Cratty;  Clarion,  Wright  county, 
May,  1886,  Rev.  E .  P.  Childs. 

HEMICARPHA  Nees.  &  Am.  Ed.  New.  Phil.  Jour., 

XVII,  263  (1834). 

Low,  tufted  sedges,  closely  related  to  Scirfas.  About  3 
species,  of  which  2  occur  in  the  United  States,  the  other  in  the 
tropics. 

m 

i.  H.  micrantha  (  Vahl.)  Britton.  Bull.  Torr.  Club.,  xv, 
104  ( 1888). 

H.  subsquarrosa  Nees.,  in  Mart.,  11,  pt.  1,  61  (1843). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  275,  fig.  646;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  583;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  in;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val., 
90;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  91 ;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  61 ;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5. 

Wet,  sandy  soil;  known  only  from  the  central  and  eastern 
portions  of  the  state.  A  small,  inconspicuous  plant,  easily 
overlooked  by  any  but  a  careful  observer.  Sometimes  con¬ 
founded  with  Cyperus  injlexus  Muhl. 

Iowa  City,  1887,  Waterloo,  1889,  and  Story  county,  Hitch¬ 
cock;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

Notes. — 1.  Rhynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.  and  R.  capillacea  Torr.  will  prob¬ 
ably  yet  be  found  in  Iowa.  The  former  species  is  reported  from  Minne. 
sota,  Illinois,  and  Kansas;  the  latter  from  Minnesota,  Illinois,  Kansas,  and 
South  Dakota. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES 


333 


2.  Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl)  Torr.  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y.,  n,  372  (1836),  is 
credited  to  Iowa  in  Gray’s  Manual, 6th  ed.,  586,  and  in  the  Illustrated  Flora, 
1,  281.  1  have  been  unable  to  find  an  Iowa  specimen  of  this  plant  in  any 

collection  in  the  state,  nor  can  one  be  found  in  herbaria  of  the  State  Univer¬ 
sity  of  Minnesota,  the  Missouri  Botanical  Gardens,  the  Gray  herbarium, 
nor  the  herbarium  of  the  Columbia  University,  New  York  City.  Dr.  Brit¬ 
ton  writes  me  that  he  took  the  Iowa  range  of  the  plant  from  Gray’s 
Manual.  It  is  very  doubtful  whether  the  plant  has  been  detected 
within  our  limits,  but  subsequent  research  may  yet  bring  it  to  light.  Mr.  A. 
A.  Heller  writes  me  from  Minneapolis  that  they  have  Minnesota  speci¬ 
mens  in  the  State  University  herbarium.  It  is  also  reported  from  Wiscon¬ 
sin  by  Bruhin,  and  from  Illinois  by  Brendel. 


S  C  L  E  R  I  A  Berg.  Kongl.  Acad.  Sv.  Handl.,  xxvi,  142 

(1765). 

A  large  genus  of  some  100  species,  of  which  number  10 
occur  in  the  eastern  United  States.  Annuals  or  perennials. 

Illus.  Flora,  6;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  63;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  1;  MacMillan, 
Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  2;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  1. 

I.  S.  TRIGLOMERATA  MicJlX.  FI.  N.  A.,  II,  1 68  (1803). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  282,  fig.  663;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  586;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
MacMillan,  Metas,  Minn.  Val.,  105;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92;  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278. 

Rare  in  the  central,  eastern,  and  southern  portions  of  the 
state;  low  ground  and  thickets.  The  conical,  bright  white 
akenes  are  exposed  in  the  mature  plant. 

Charles  City  and  Elmira,  1889,  Hitchcock ;  Grinnell,  June, 
1886,  ^Johnson;  Wild  Cat  Den,  Muscatine  county,  Barnes  & 
Miller;  Charles  City,  1881,  Arthur;  Decatur  county,  in 
flower,  June  8,  and  in  fruit  July  2,  1897,  Fitzfatrick. 

Note — Scleria  verticillata  Muhl.  has  been  reported  from  Minnesota,  Ill¬ 
inois,  and  Kansas,  and  Prof.  L.  H.  Pammel  tells  me  he  has  collected  it  near 
La  Crosse,  Wisconsin.  It  probably  occurs  in  the  eastern  part  of  our  state. 


CAREX  L.  Sp.  PL,  972  (1753). 

A  vast  and  difficult  genus  which  contains  about  two-thirds 
of  all  our  sedges.  The  unisexual,  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers  present  little  variation,  hence  the  specific  characters 


334 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


are  mostly  founded  on  the  scales,  mature  fruit,  and  the  char¬ 
acter  and  disposition  of  the  spikes,  and  even  here  the  diver¬ 
sity  is  so  small  when  compared  with  the  number  of  species  as 
to  render  the  genus  an  exceedingly  difficult  one  for  the  stud¬ 
ent.  In  height  our  species  are  from  a  few  inches  to  about 
four  feet.  Most  of  these  plants  grow  somewhat  scattered, 
interspersed  with  the  grasses;  some  are  extensively  stoloni- 
ferous,  forming  patches,  while  others  grow  in  large  and  dense 
tufts.  The  greater  number  prefer  damp  situations,  growing 
in  marshes  and  swales,  or  along  the  margins  of  ponds  and 
streams.  Some  occur  only  in  timber,  while  a  few  delight  in 
a  very  dry  soil  and  assist  in  forming  a  scant  covering  for  ster¬ 
ile  knolls  and  hillsides. 

Dr.  C.  E.  Bessey  in  the  report  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural 
College  for  1871  published  the  first  Contribution  to  the  Flora 
of  Iowa,  in  which  is  given  a  short  list  of  the  sedges  then 
known  to  the  state.  In  the  Flora  of  Iowa,  a  catalogue  of  the 
flowering  plants  prepared  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Arthur  for  the  Cen¬ 
tennial  Commission,  is  given  a  more  complete  list  of  these 
plants.  To  this  latter  publication  Dr.  Arthur  made  several 
additions,  and  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock,  formerly  of  Ames,  gave 
some  additional  species  in  a  paper  published  in  the  Bulletin  of 
the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  and  in  his  catalogue  of  the  Plants 
of  Ames.  The  number  of  species  and  varieties  of  the  genus 
Carex  noted  in  these  publications  is  as  follows : 


Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa, . 

u  a  a 

a  a  a  it 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  a 

a  a  a  u 

Hitchcock,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xvi,  89, 
Hitchcock,  Plants  of  Ames f  additional, 

Total,  .  .  . 


1  (1876),  39 
11  (1877),  1 
hi  (1878),  10 
iv  (1880),  5 
v  (1882),  10 
VI  (1883).  I 

(1889),  I 
(1891),  5 

72 


This  number  should  be  somewhat  reduced  as  several  of  the 
varieties  included  in  the  above  estimate  are  no  longer  recog¬ 
nized. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


335 

The  following  species  of  the  Iowa  flora  are  also  natives  of 
Europe,  and  it  is  a  noticeable  fact  that  they  are  mostly  high 
northern  forms: 

Car  ex  stenofhylla  Wahl. 

4  v 

Car  ex  chordorrhiza  Linn.  f. 

Carex  jiliformis  L . 

Car  ex  r  if  aria  W.  Curtis. 

Carex  fusca  All 
Carex  li.mosa  L. 

Carex  teretiuscula  Good. 

The  genus  contains  over  1,000  species,  of  which  number 
North  America,  north  of  Mexico,  contains  over  300. 

Illus.  Flora,  205;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  133.  Species  and  varieties  cata¬ 
logued  in  Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  i-vi,  66;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn* 
Val.,  60;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  72:  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa.  15;  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana  (including  the  state),  76;  Smythe,  PI.  Kansas,  67;  Upham, 
FI.  Minn.,  89;  Bruhin,  Ver.  FI.  Wis.,  69;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.  and  Rep. 
i-iv,  45;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  19;  Williams,  Grass,  and  For. 
PI.  Daks.,  19:  Fink,  FI.  Fayette,  Iowa,  19. 

1.  C.  intumescens  Rudge.  Linn.  Trans.,  vn,  97  (1804). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  293,  fig.  675;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  592;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34  ; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  129;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  93;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  187. 

Rare  in  low  ground.  This  probably  includes  all  of  the 
Iowa  plants  heretofore  referred  to  C.  jollicidata  L.  This 
latter  species  is  yellowish  colored,  especially  the  fertile  spikes, 
the  perigynia  less  inflated,  and  probably  does  not  range  farther 
west  than  Michigan.  C.  intumescens  Rudge  is  green  through¬ 
out,  the  perigynia  much  inflated. 

Ames,  Arthur;  Story  county,  Hitchcock;  Shelby  county, 
July,  1895,  F itzfatr ick . 

2.  C.  ASA— grayi  Bailey.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  ,  XX,  427  (1893). 

C.  grayi  Carey,  Sill.  Jour.,  2nd  ser.,  iv,  22(1847),  not  C.  grayana  Dew. 
(1834). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  293,  fig.  576;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  592;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  hi;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana, 63;  Bruhin, 
Zwei.  Nach.  FI.  Wis.,  643. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


336 

A  very  striking  plant,  well  distributed  throughout  the  south¬ 
ern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state.  The  perigynia  crowded 
in  globose  heads,  otherwise  much  resembling  C.  intmnescens 
Rudge. 

Johnson  county,  1894,  and  Keokuk,  1895,  Shirnek ;  Ames, 
Hitchcock;  Richland  tp.,  Jasper  county,  July  4,  1884,  the 
hispid  form,  tVorris,  and  1886,  Johnson;  Clinton,  Scott,  and 
Muscatine  counties,  frequent,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Appanoose 
county,  July  4,  1889,  Fit  zjat  rick. 

3.  C.  lupulin a  Muhl.  Schk.  Riedg.,  11,  54  (1806). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  294,  fig.  678;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed  ,  593:  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  129;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  93;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  63;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co., 
Wis.,  187;  Bot.  Surv.  Neb.,  iv.,  45;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Margins  of  swamps;  throughput,  but  not  plentiful.  The 
more  common  form  has  the  spikes  peduncled  (var.  Jeduncu- 
lata  Dew.).  C.  lujmliformis  Sartwell,  is  reported  from 
Minnesota  and  possibly  occurs  within  our  limits. 

Emmet  county,  south  shore  of  Iowa  Lake,  1896,  Cratty ,• 
Johnson  county,  1894,  Shirnek,  and  Iowa  City,  1887,  Hitch¬ 
cock;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink,'  Mississippi  bottoms,  La 
Crosse,  Wis.,  1887,  Pummel;  Ames,  1886,  Hitchcock ;  Jasper 
county,  July  4,  1884,  and  May,  1886,  Johnson;  Clinton,  Scott 
and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Charles  City,  Aug., 
1875,  Arthur;  Johnson  county,  July,  1897,  Misses  Finch  & 
Cavanagh;  Keokuk,  June  1,  1897,  Shirnek;  Ames,  July 
1894,  Stewart. 

4.  C.  monile  Tuck.  Enum.  Meth.  20  (1843). 

Illus.  Flora.  1,  297,  fig.  688;  Gray’s  Man.  6th  ed.,  594;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  v;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  128;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Bren¬ 
del,  FI.  Peoriana,  63;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  187. 

Very  low  ground,  growing  in  dense  tufts;  the  whole  plant 
light  colored,  especially  the  fertile  spikes. 

Emmet  county,  1887,  Cratty ;  Iowa  City,  a  form  much  re¬ 
sembling  C.  utriculata  Boott,  Hitchcock ;  Richland  tp.,  Jasper 
county,  May  29,  1886,  Norris;  Moscow,  Muscatine  county 
and  Noels,  Scott  county,  Barnes  &  Miller . 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


337 

5.  C.  tuckermani  Dew.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  XLIX,  48(1845). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  298,  fig.  689;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  594;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  95; 
Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88;  Upham,  Supl.  FI.  Minn.,  49;  Bruhin,  FI., 
Wis.,  280. 

Low  swampy  ground,  rare;  not  before  reported  from  Iowa. 
Grinnell,  collected  about  1887,  by  Prof.  H.  W.  Norris,  and 
now  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College.  Its 
southern  range  recorded  in  our  text  books  is  New  Jersey, 
Michigan,  and  Minnesota.  The  author  has  a  specimen  in  his 
herbarium  collected  in  Illinois  many  years  ago  by  Dr.  S.  B. 
Mead,  and  it  is  reported  from  Missouri  by  Prof.  Tracy. 

6.  C.  retrorsa  Schwein.  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y  .,  1,  70  (1824). 

» 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  298,  fig.  691;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  595;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI 
Iowa,  v;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  127;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88; 
Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5 ;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  528;  Fink,  Iowa 
Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Low  ground  in  woods  and  along  the  margins  of  streams 
and  sloughs;  northern  half  of  the  state,  rare.  This  is  some¬ 
times  found  growing  with  C.  lufulina  Muhl.  between  which 
hybrids  have  been  found  in  New  York  and  Michigan  and 
probably  occur  within  our  limits. 

Estherville,  1881,  and  Iowa  Lake,  1896,  Craity ;  Fayette 
county,  1895,  Miss  Ona  M.  Rounds. 

7.  C.  lurida  parvula  ( Paine )  Bailey.  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

XX,  418  (1893). 

C.  tentaculata  v ar .  farvula  Paine,  Cat.  Oneida  PI.,  105  (1865). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  297;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524. 

Sloughs,  very  rare,  Ames,  1886,  Hitchcock.  This  is  the  C. 
lurida  of  Hitchcock’s  Plants  of  Ames,  524,  a  specimen  of 
which  is  now  in  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College  herbarium. 

“Low — (8-16  in.  high),  very  slender,  with  one  or  two 
spikes  which  are  half  or  less  the  size  of  those  in  the  type, 
sessile,  or  very  nearly  so;  peryginia  not  more  than  half  the 
size  of  those  in  the  common  form.”  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey  in 
Bull.  Torr.  Club.  1.  c. 


338  NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 

8.  C.  HYSTRICINA-  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PL,  IV,  282  (1805). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  300,  fig.  696;  Gray’s  Mati.,  6th  ed.,  596;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34  ; 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  127;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93;  Higley  &  Rad- 
din,  FI.  Cook  Co.,  Ills.,  1 3 1 ;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  124;  Bruhin,  FI. 
Wis.,  280;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  184;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  98. 

*  •  '  c  c  .  •  '  -  _  *  *  .«  •  .  ; 

Margins  of  streams  and  ponds;  rather  common  throughout. 
C.  pseudo-cyperus  L.  has  been  reported  from  this  state,  but 
specimens  which  I  have  seen  so  labelled  I  consider  forms  of 
the  above. 

Charles  City,  June,  1875,  Arthur;  Estherville,  1882,  and 
Spirit  Lake,  July  29,  1896,  Cratty ;  Johnson  county,  1887, 
Hitchcock,  and  1894,  Shimek ;  Spirit  Lake,  July  24,  1883, 
Arthur;  Grinnell,  June,  1885,  JVotris ,  and  1886,  Johnson; 
Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Granite,  June, 
1897,  Shimek. 

9.  C.  comosa  Boott.  Linn.  Trans.,  xx,  117  (1846). 

C . pseudo-cyperus  var.  comosa  Boott,  Bot.  Cal.  11,  252  (1880). 

C.  pseudo’cy perus  var.  americana  Hochst.,  Herb.  Unio.  Itin.  (1837). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  301,  fig.  698;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  596;  Arthur,  Cont.  FL 
Iowa,  v;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  126;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana, 
63;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  280;  Bot.  Surv.  Neb.,  in,  16. 

Central  and  northern  portions  of  the  state;  sloughs  and 
margins  of  ponds.  The  large,  nodding,  comose  spikes  render 
this  a  very  conspicuous  plant. 

1 

Emmet  county,  1891,  Cratty;  Cedar  Rapids,  Hitchcock; 
borders  of  lagoons  along  Cedar  River,  Muscatine  county, 

Barnes  &  Miller. 

10.  C.  SQUARROSA  L.  Sp.  PL,  11,  973  (1753). 

Illus.  Flora,  301,  fig.  700;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  596;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa, 
in;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  126;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Brendel, 
FI.  Peoriana,  63;  Bruhin,  Zwei.  Nach.  FI.  Wis.,  643;  Webber,  App.  FL 
Neb.,  23. 

Rare  in  swamps;  differs  from  the  following  species,  which 
has  generally  been  considered  a  synonym,  in  its  lighter  green 
color,  narrower  leaves,  rarely  more  than  2  lines  wide,  and 
linear-oblong  akene.  Widely  distributed  throughout  the 
Misssissippi  valley. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


339 

Appanoose  county,  July,  1896,  Fitzpatrick ;  near  Skunk 

River,  Jasper  county,  July  3,  1886,  Norris . 

% 

11.  C.  typhinoides  Schwein.  Ann.  Lyc.,  1,  66  (1824). 

C.  squarrosa  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  596  (1890),  in  part. 

C.  squarrosa  var.  typhinoides  Dewey,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  xi,  316  (1826). 

Illus.  Flora  1,  302,  fig.  701. 

This  species,  not  before  reported  from  Iowa,  closely  resem¬ 
bles  C.  squarrosa  L.  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its 
darker  green  leaves,  4  to  5  lines  wide,  and  the  broader  akene 
which  is  3  angled,  ovoid  elliptic,  with  concave  sides  It  oc¬ 
curs  in  swamps  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  and  includes 
many  of  the  Iowa  forms  heretofore  referred  to  the  preceding 
species. 

Fredericksburg,  Chickasaw  county,  Miss  Howe ;  banks  of 
the  Wapsipinicon,  Scott  county,  July,  1896,  and  Clinton  and 
Muscatine  counties,  usually  growing  with  C.  asa-grayi  Bailey, 
Barnes  &  Miller ;  Mississippi  bottoms,  Oquawka,  Illinois, 
Patterson. 

\ 

12.  C.  trichocarpa  Mulil.  Willd.  Sp.  PL,  IV,  302  (1805) 

C.  trichocarpa  var.  imberbis  Gray’s,  Man.,  5th  ed.,  597  (1867). 

C.  trichocarpa  var.  derveyi  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  x,  (1883), 

C.  trichocarpa  var .  Iceviconica  (Dew.)  Hitchcock.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad- 
Sci.,  524  (1891). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  302,  fig.  702;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  598;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  iv;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.Val.,  124; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  63;  Webber,  PI.  Neb.,  98. 

Sloughs  and  margins  of  ponds  and  streams;  common  and 
very  variable.  We  have  besides  the  type  the  forms  previ¬ 
ously  called  var.  imberbis  and  var.  deweyi ,  of  which  the  latter 
at  least,  seems  worthy  of  varietal  recognition. 

Estherville,  Emmet  county,  June  18,  1882,  the  pubescent 
form,  Cratty;  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock;  Johnson  county,  1894, 
Shimek;  Ames,  1880,  Bessey ,  and  1886,  Hitchcock;  West 
Davenport,  1895,  and  Muscatine  county,  the  glabrous  form, 
Barnes  &  Miller;  Shelby  county,  1894,  a  form  with  pube¬ 
scent  perigynia,  but  the  long,  wide-spreading  teeth  like  those 


34° 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


of  the  next  species,  Fitzpatrick ;  Poweshiek  county,  1885, -/Vbr- 
ris,  and  1886,  Johnson;  Granite,  Lyon  county,  June,  1897,  a 
form  approaching  the  next  species,  and  Keokuk,  June  1,  1897, 
a  very  slender  form  with  smooth  peryginia,  Shimek ;  Ames, 
May  22,  1877,  Arthur. 

13.  C.  aristata  R.  Br.  Rich.  Bot.  App.,  751  (1823). 

C.  trichoccirpa  var.  aristata  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  x,  293  (1885). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  302,  fig.  703;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  598;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames’ 
524,  and  Bull.  Torr.  Club.,  xvi,  70;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  124; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92 ;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  280;  Williams,  Grass.  &  For.  PI. 
Daks.,  42. 

Margins  of  ponds  and  streams;  probably  throughout  the 
state  but  not  common.  This  and  the  preceding  species  seem 
to  run  together. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty ;  Story  county,  Hitchcock; 
Hamilton  county,  1884,  Rolfs;  Johnson  county,  1894,  Fitz¬ 
patrick;  High  Bridge,  Dallas  county,  July  6,  1897,  and  Keo¬ 
kuk,  June  1,  1897,  Shimek.  The  latter  approaches  the  pre¬ 
ceding  species. 

14.  C.  riparia  W.  Curtis.  FI.  Lond.,  iv,  PL,  60  (1821). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  303,  fig.  704;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  598;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  iv;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524:  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val., 
124;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  63;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis, 

280. 

Sloughs,  probably  throughout  the  state,  but  not  very  plenti¬ 
ful.  The  perigynia  dark  colored  and  polished  at  maturity. 
So  far  as  I  have  observed  this  species  it  rarely  flowers  or 
fruits. 

Grinnell,  1877,  Jones;  Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty;  Rich¬ 
land  tp.,  Jasper  county,  May,  1886,  Johnson;  Story  City, 
June  7,  1897,  No.  422,  Pammel  &  Beyer. 

15.  C.  shortiana  Dew.  Am.  Jour,  Sci.,  xxx,  60  ( 1 836 ) .  PL  II. 

Tllus.  Flora,  1,  303,  fig.  706;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  596;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94; 
Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  98. 

Rare  in  moist  woods  and  thickets,  eastern  part  of  the  state. 
Not  before  reported  from  Iowa.  A  very  distinct  species. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


341 

Ravines  at  Wild  Cat  Den,  Muscatine  county.  June,  1895, 
Barnes  &  Miller;  Keokuk,  June  1,  1897,  Shimck . 

Note. — In  Upham’s  Flora  of  Minnesota,  p.  158,  Garex  houghtoni  Torr 
Cyp.,  413  (1836)  is  credited  to  this  state. — “Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  Geyer.’ 
Search  has  been  made  in  the  herbaria  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  and 
of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Gardens  for  an  Iowa  specimen,  but  without  suc¬ 
cess.  I  have  been  unable  to  find  Prof.  Upham’s  authority  for  the  state¬ 
ment.  This  species  is  reported  from  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Kansas,  and 
Nebraska. 

1 6.  C.  lanuginosa  Michx.  FI.  N.  A.,  11,  175  (1803). 

C.  jiliforinis  var.  latifolia  Boeckl.  Linn.,  xli,  309  (1875). 

G.  filifonnis  var.  lanuginosa  B.  S.  P.  Prelim.  Cat.  N.  Y.,  63  (1888). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  305,  fig.  711 ;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th,  ed.  597;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  125;  Bessey, 
Cont.  FI  Iowa,  124;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana  63;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills, 
Neb.,  185;  Williams,  Grass.  &  For.  PI.  Daks.  42. 

Low  ground  around  marshes;  throughout  the  state.  The 
spikes  are  usually  longer  than  those  of  C.  filiformis  L.  which 
it  much  resembles. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty;  Ames,  1886,  and  Hancock 
county,  Hitchcock ;  Shelby  county,  May,  1894,  Fitzpatrick ; 
Grinnell,  1885,  Norris;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes 
&  Miller;  Missouri  Valley,  June  21,  1897,  a  very  tall,  loosely 
flowered  form  with  spikes  1  ]A  inches  long,  Pammcl. 

17.  C.  FiLiFORMts  L.  Sp.  PL,  11.  976  (1753). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  305,  fig.  712;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  597;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames, 
524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  125;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93;  Brendel, 
FI.  Peoriana,  63;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.  98. 

Rare  in  bogs.  This  and  a  few  other  sedges,  grasses,  and 
aquatic  mosses  form  by  their  long,  interlacing  roots  the 
tough  sod  which  covers  the  surface  of  the  quaking  bogs  in 
the  northwestern  portion  of  the  state.  This  sedge  flowers 
and  fruits  here  only  under  the  most  favorable  conditions  of 
moisture  and  temperature.  Also  a  native  of  northern  Europe. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty ;  Ames,  Hitchcock ;  Grinnell, 
1885,  Norris. 

18.  C.  fusca  All.  FI.  Ped.  n,  269  (1785). 

G.  buxbaumii  Wahl.  K.  Acad.  Handl.  xxiv.  163  (1803). 

Illus.  Flora.  1,  307,  fig.  718;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  599;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  123;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62. 


3  42 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Not  rare  in  low  ground  around  sloughs;  a  beautiful  species, 
the  purple  scales  being  very  conspicuous.  It  also  is  a  native 
of  northern  and  central  Europe. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty ;  Ames,  Hitchcock;  Charles 
City,  Arthur ;  Grinnell,  May,  1886,  JVorris ;  Noels  and  Eld- 
ridge,  Scott  county,  1895,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  High  Bridge, 
Dallas  county,  July  6,  1897,  a  slender  form  2  feet  high, 
Shimek;  Story  City,  June  7,  1897,  No.  421,  Pammel  & 
Beyers. 

19.  C.  stricta  Lam.  Encyc.  Meth.,  hi,  387  (1789). 

Ill  us.  Flora,  1,  308,  fig.  719;  Gray’s  Man., 6th  ed.,599;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  123;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  95;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  123;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62; 
Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  187;  Rydberg,  FI.  Black  Hills,  S.  D., 
527;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Sloughs  and  margins  of  ponds  and  streams  throughout; 
common  and  very  variable. 

Fayette  county,  1895,  Fink;  Johnson  county,  1893,  and 
Cedar  Rapids,  1895,  Shimek;  Ames,  Hitchcock;  Emmet 
county,  Cratty ;  Charles  City,  Arthur ;  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ; 
Grinnell,  1886,  JVorris;  Decatur  county,  May,  1897,  prob¬ 
ably  this,  the  plant  in  flower  only,  Fitzpatrick ;  Spirit  Lake, 
June,  25,  1881,  Arthur ;  Marshalltown,  May,  1897,  Ball. 

20.  C.  stricta  angustata  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed., 

600  (1890). 

C.  angustata  Boott,  in  part.  Hook.  FI.  Bor.  Am.  11,  218  (1840), 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  208;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  1.  c.;  Smythe,  PI.  Kansas,  23; 
Williams,  Grass.  &  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43. 

Swales,  central  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state;  distin¬ 
guished  by  its  stricter  habit,  longer  and  more  slender  spikes, 
and  narrow  scales. 

Eldridge,  Scott  county,  June,  1895,  frequent,  Barnes  & 
Miller ;  Johnson  county,  May,  1895,  Shimek. 

21.  C.  haydeni  Dew.  Am.  Jour.,  2nd  ser.,  xviii,  103 

c  1854). 

C.  aferta  Carey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  1st  ed.,  547  (1848),  not  Boott  (1840). 

C.  stricta  var.  decora  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.,  xm,  85  (1888). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  308,  fig.  970;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  600;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  92;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5; 
Williams,  Grass.  &  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


343 


Margins  of  ponds  and  streams;  well  distributed,  but  most 
common  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  state.  This  and  the  two 
preceding  are  very  variable  in  regard  to  height  of  plant? 
length  of  spikes,  and  comparative  length  of  scales  and  per- 
igynia. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty  ;  Fayette  county,  1895,  Fink; 
Johnson  county,  1895,  Shimek ;  Charles  City,  Arthur ;  Iowa 
City,  Hitchcock ;  Grinnell,  1885,  Norris ;  Scott  and  Musca¬ 
tine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller . 

Note. — Carex  ciquatilis  Wahl,  has  been  reported  from  Iowa,  (Fink,  Proc. 
Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105)  but  there  is  considerable  doubt  regarding  the 
identification,  as  the  plants,  specimens  of  which  are  in  my  herbarium,  are 
in  the  early  flowering  state.  It  is  more  likely  a  form  of  C.  siricta  Lam. 
Mature  fruiting  specimens  of  the  plant  are  very  much  desired. 

22,  C.  LIMOSA  L.  Sp.  PL,  II,  977  (1753). 

Ulus. (Flora,  1,  313,  fig.  734;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  602 ;  Arthur,  Cont. 
FI.  Iowa,  v;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  121;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana, 
62;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Bot.  Surv.  Neb.,  in,  15. 

Very  rare  in  bogs;  the  nodding  spikes  on  filiform  peduncles 
give  this  sedge  a  very  graceful  appearance.  Also  a  native  of 
northern  Europe. 

Emmet  county,  in  a  large  marsh  on  the  n.  e.  sec.  13, 
Armstrong  Grove  tp.,  June,  1878,  Cratty. 

23.  C.  davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Mon.  Car.,  326  (1825). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  318,  fig.  751;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  605;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  120;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  92;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62 ;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5. 

Quite  common  in  woods  in  the  central  and  eastern  portions. 
Several  specimens  of  this  plant  have  been  seen  in  Iowa  col- 
v  lections  labelled  C.  miliacea  Muhl.  (now  C.  prasina  Wahl.). 
This  latter  species  may,  however,  yet  be  found  within  our 
limits,  having  been  reported  from  Ramsey  county,  Minnesota 
(Kossube) . 

Johnson  county,  1894,  Shimek ,  and  1895,  Fitzpatrick; 
Ames  and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Jasper  county,  1886,  Norris; 
Noels,  Scott  county,  and  Moscow  and  West  Liberty,  Musca¬ 
tine  county,  Barnes  &  Miller;  Keokuk,  June  1,  1897, 
Shimek. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


344 

24.  C.  longirostris  Torr.  Schwein.  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y.,  ir 

71  (1824). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  319,  fig.  752;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  603;  Arthur,. 
FI.  Iowa,  34;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  121;  Bessey,  Cont.  Fh 
Iowa,  124;  Brendel.  FI.  Peoriana,  63;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  280:  Webber, 
FI.  Neb.,  98;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  528. 

Common  in  woods;  a  very  distinct  and  graceful  species. 
Charles  City,  June,  1 87 5 ,  Arthur;  Clinton  county,  1878, 
Butler ;  Emmet  county,  various  collections,  Cratty ;  Fayette 
county,  1895,  Fink;  Ames,  Hitchcock ;  Jasper  county,  May, 
1886,  Norris ;  Big  Rock,  Scott  county,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

25.  c.  grisea  Wahl.  K.  Acad.  Handl,,  xxiv,  154  (1803). 

Illus.  Flora  1,  321,  fig.  759;  Gray’s  Man  ,  6th  ed.,  605;  Arthur,  FI,  Iowa,. 
34;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,]  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  120; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93;  Bessey,  Cont.  Fl.Towa,  124;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana. 
62;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  98. 

Rich  woods,  probably  throughout  the  state. 

Ames  and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock;  Charles  City,  1885, 
Arthur;  Lynnville,  Jasper  county,  May,  1886,  Norris;  bank 
of  Wapsipinicon,  Scott  county,  1895,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

26.  C.  amphibola  Stead.  Syn.  Pi.  Cyp.,  234  (1855).  PL  III. 

C.  grisea  var.  angustifolia  Boott,  Ill.,  34  (1858). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  321,  fig.  760;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  605. 

Northern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  state;  rather  rare  in 
moist  soil,  especially  in  woods  along  streams.  Leaves  1  to  2 
lines  wide,  being  much  narrower  than  those  of  the  preced¬ 
ing  species  which  it  much  resembles.  Not  before  reported 
from  Iowa. 

Emmet  county,  rare,  1880,  Cratty;  Scott  county,  1895, 
frequent,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

27.  C.  granularis  Mulil.  Willd.  Sp.  PL,  iv,  279  (1805). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  322,  fig.  763;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  605;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  iv ;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  120;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93; 
Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.  187;  Bot. 
Surv.  Neb.,  iv,  45. 

Central  and  southeastern;  not  common. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


345 


Clinton  county,  1878,  Butler ;  Johnson  county,  1894, 
Shhnek.  The  staminate  spike  of  the  latter  specimen  promi¬ 
nently  stalked,  leaves  2-4  lines  wide,  the  lower,  fertile  spike, 
distant. 

28.  C.  crawii  Dewey.  Am.  Tour.  Sci.,  2nd  ser.,  11,  246 

(1846).  PI.  iv. 

Illus.  Flora.  1,  323,  fig.  764;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  606;  MacMillan, 
Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  119;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Rydberg  &  Shear,  Bull. 
No.  5,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agricul.,  41;  Higley  &  Raddin,  FI.  Cook.  Co.,  Ills. 

I33- 

Prairies,  rare;  preferring  rather  moist  ground.  The  whole 
plant,  light  colored,  especially  the  wide  leaves  of  the  sterile 
shoots  which  are  produced  very  freely  from  the  stolons.  Not 
before  reported  from  Iowa. 

Emmet  county,  1  *4  miles  northeast  of  Armstrong,  June, 
1884,  Cratty.  This  is  the  only  station  known  in  the  state  but 
it  probably  occurs  elsewhere  in  the  northern  portion  along 
with  C.  meadii  Dew.,  which  is  found  in  similar  situations. 
Prof.  Fitzpatrick  collected  a  sedge  in  flower  April  29,  1894, 
in  Shelby  county,  which  may  prove  to  be  this  species. 

29.  C.  conoidea  Schkuhr.  Ried,  Nacht.,  67  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  325,  fig.  770;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  607;  MacMillan, 
Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  119;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88. 

Probably  very  rare  within  our  limits;  not  before  reported 
from  Iowa. 

Prairies  near  Noels,  Scott  county,  May,  1895,  Barnes  & 
Miller.  I  also  refer  here  an  immature  specimen  collected 
by  Dr.  Arthur  at  Charles  City  in  1875. 

30.  C.  oligocarpa  Schkuhr.  Ried,  Nacht.,  58  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  325,  fig.  771;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed  ,  607 :  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  hi;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Brendel,  Fl.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  Zwei. 
Nach.,  Fl.  Wis.,  644. 

Rare  in  woods  and  thickets;  central  and  eastern  portion  of 
the  state.  Leaves  about  1  line  wide,  the  sheaths  smooth. 

Hickory  Grove,  Scott  county,  May  12,  1896,  Barnes  & 
Miller ;  Rock  Creek  twp.,  Jasper  county,  May- 29,  1886,  Mor¬ 
ris;  Marshalltown,  1897,  Pammel. 


iv— 4  3  E 


3^6  NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 

31.  C.  Hitchcockian  a  Dezv.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  x.  274  (1826). 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  325,  fig.  772;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  607;  Tracy,  FI. 
Mo.,  95;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  Zwei.  Nach.,  FI.  Wis.,  643. 

Not  before  reported  from  Iowa,  and  probably  rather  rare 
within  our  limits.  It  much  resembles  the  preceding  species, 
from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  wider  leaves  and  pubes¬ 
cent  sheaths. 

Richland  twp.,  Jasper  county,  May  29,  1 886,  Norris ;  High 
Bridge,  Dallas  county,  July  6,  1897,  Shimek;  in  woods  south 
of  Iowa  Lake,  Aug.  29,  1897,  Pammel  &  Cratty . 

32.  C.  meadii  Dewey ,  Sill.  Jour,  xliii,  90  (1842). 

C.  tetanica  var.  meadii  Bailey,  Syn.  Car.  118  (1880). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  327,  fig.  776;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  609;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.,  Val.,  118;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  93;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  279;  Webber, 
FI.  Neb.,  98;  Williams,  Grass  and  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43. 

Common  on  prairies,  well  distributed  throughout  the  state. 
This  sedge  is  of  considerable  value  for  pasturage,  being 
greedily  eaten  by  cattle.  An  attenuate  form  of  this  collected 
by  the  author  in  Emmet  county  in  1882,  and  by  F.  W.  John¬ 
son  in  Poweshiek  county,  is  the  Car  ex  meadii  var.  bebbii 
(Olney)  Arthur,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  V,  67  (1884).  It  seems  to 
be  only  an  occasional  state  caused  by  the  plants  growing 
among  tall  grasses  in  lower  ground.  The  typical  C.  tetanica 
Schk.,  though  reported  from  Iowa,  has  probably  not  yet  been 
collected  within  our  limits.  Specimens  so  labelled  in  the  I.  A. 
C.  herbarium  are  referred  to  C.  meadii  Dew.  by  Prof.  Bailey. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty;  Chariton,  Shepherd;  Ames 
and  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock ;  Johnson  county,  May,  1895,  Fitz¬ 
patrick;  Grinnell,  May  25,  1885,  Norris,  and  1886,  Johnson; 
Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  1893,  common,  Barnes  & 
Miller;  Decatur  county,  May,  1895,  Fitzpatrick;  Hancock 
county,  June,  1875,  Arthur. 

33.  C.  laxiflora  Lam.  Ency.  Meth.  in,  392  (1789). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  327,  fig.  777;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  607;  MacMillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  1 1 9 ;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin, 
FI.  Wis.,  279;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  98;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa,  Acad.  Sci.,  iv, 
105. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


347 

Woods,  less  common  than  the  following  variety.  Not  be¬ 
fore  reported  from  Iowa. 

Iowa  City,  1895,  Shimek;  Fayette,  1895,  Fink;  Johnson 
county,  1895,  Fitzpatrick ;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties, 
Barnes  &  Miller ;  Decatur  county,  May,  1897,  Fitzpatrick; 
Keokuk,  June  1,  1897,  Shimek ;  Marshalltown,  May  1,  1897, 
Pammel;  Ames,  May  26,  1897,  a  form  very  close  to  the  next, 
Combs  &  Pammel. 

34.  c.  laxiflora  blanda  ( Dew .)  Boott.  Ill.  Car.  37 

(1858). 

C.  blanda  Dewey,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  x,  45  (1826). 

C.  laxiflora  var.  striatula  Carey ,  Gray’s  Man.,  2nd  ed.,  524  (1852). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  327;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  607;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  93;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  528;  Higley  &  Raddin,  FI. 
Cook  Co.,  Ills.,  134. 

The  most  common  form  of  the  species;  in  woods,  probably 
throughout  the  state. 

Charles  City,  June,  1875,  Arthur ;  Johnson  county,  1894, 
Shimek;  Jasper  county,  1886,  Johnson;  Emmet  county,  1885, 
Cratty ;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Des 
Moines,  May  15,  1897,  L.  H.  &  Emma  Pammel. 

35.  C.  digitalis  copulata  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  1,^47 

(1889).  Pl.  v. 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  328;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  608;  Beal  &  Wheeler,  FI.  Mich., 
I53- 

Rare  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  not  before  re¬ 
ported  from  Iowa. 

Ravines  at  Wild  Cat  Den,  Muscatine  county,  1896,  Barnes 
&  Miller.  This  extends  its  range  several  hundred  miles  to 
the  westward,  it  having  heretofore  been  reported  only  from 
Michigan  and  Southern  Ontario.  It  is  very  probable  that  C. 
digitalis  Willd.  occurs  in  the  state.  It  is  a  smaller  plant,  with 
very  narrow  leaves  1-2  lines  wide. 

36.  C.  albursina  Sheldon ,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xx,  284  (1893). 

C.  laxiflora  var.  latifolia  Boott.  Ill.  Car.  (1858)  not  C.  lalifolia  Moench. 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  329,  fig.  781;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  607;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  524;  Tracy  FI.  Mo.,  93. 

iv — 4  3  E  2 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


348 

Moist,  rich  woods;  common  in  the  central,  southern  and 
eastern  portions  of  the  state.  Our  widest-leaved  species,  the 
plants  often  a  foot  high,  with  leaves  4-10  lines  wide.  Though 
long  considered  a  variety  of  C.  laxijlora  Lam.,  it  seems  to  be 
worthy  of  specific  rank.  The  name  albursina ,  given  to  it  by 
Mr.  E.  P.  Sheldon,  is  in  allusion  to  White  Bear  Lake,  Minne¬ 
sota. 

Clinton  county,  1878,  Butler;  Big  Grove  twp.,  Johnson 
county,  1894,  Shiniek;  Kellogg,  1876,  Jones ;  Ames,  Hitch¬ 
cock,  Peters ;  Wild  Cat  Den,  Muscatine  county,  and  Allen’s 
Grove,  Scott  county,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Richland  twp.,  Jasper 
county,  May,  1886,  IVorris:  High  Bridge,  Dallas  county, 
July  6,  1897,  Shiniek ;  Dallas  Center,  1897,  a  leaf  specimen 
only,  but  probably  this,  Rhinehart . 

Note. —  C.  ■plcintaginea  Lam.  Encyc.  in,  392  (1789),  has  been  reported 
from  Iowa,  but  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  authentic  Iowa  specimen. 
It  closely  resembles  C.  albursina  Sheldon,  in  general  appearance,  but 
flowers  before  the  dark  green  leaves  are  produced.  It  is  reported  from 
Wisconsin  and  Illinois. 

37.  C.  setifolia  (Dew.)  Britton.  Illus.  Flora,  1,  332,  fig. 

790  (1896). 

C.  eburnea  Boott.  Hook.  FI.  Bor.  Am.  1 1 ,  226  (1840). 

C.  alba  var.  setifolia  Dew.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  11,  316  (1826). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  c.;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  610;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val  ,  118;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  93;  Webber,  FI  Neb.,  98. 

Rare  in  woods,  preferring  rather  dry,  sloping,  and  well 
shaded  ground;  the  fruit  black  and  shining  when  fully  ma¬ 
tured,  and  not  falling  till  late  in  the  autumn. 

Clinton  county,  1872,  Butler ;  Estherville,  Emmet  county, 
Iowa,  1882,  and  Armstrong,  Aug.  31,  1897,  Cratty ;  Jackson 
county,  1894,  Shiniek;  Ames,  Bessey ,  Hitchcock. 

38.  C.  richardsoni  R.  Br.  Richards,  App.  (Frank.)  Jour- 

nal,  751  (1823). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  332,  fig.  792;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  610;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  iv;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  ii7;Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Bren- 
del,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S. 

527* 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


349 


A  very  rare  sedge  occurring  in  dry  ground. 

Grinnell,  1876,  name  of  collector  unknown,  a  single  plant 
only  in  the  I.  A.  C.  herbarium. 

39.  C.  pedunculata  MuhL  Willd.  Sp.  PL,  iv,  222  (1805.) 

Ill  us.  Flora,  1.333,  fig.  793 ;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  610;  Arthur, 
Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  hi;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Vat.,  117.  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana,  88;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv, 
105. 

Dry  ground  in  woods;  rather  rare  in  the  southern  and  east¬ 
ern  portions  of  the  state. 

Clinton  county,  April  18,  1878,  Butler;  Fayette  county, 
1895,  Fink. 

40.  C.  pedicellata  (Dezv.)  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  v, 

(1894). 

C .  communis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  1,  41  (1889). 

C.  varia  var .  pedicellata  Dew.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  xi,  162  (1826). 

C.  varia  Dew.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  xi,  102  (1826)  not  Muhl.  (1805). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  333,  fig.  794;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  612;  Upham,  FI.  Minn., 
157;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  87;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  95. 

Rare  in  dry  soil,  eastern  portion  of  the  state;  not  before  re¬ 
ported  from  Iowa.  This  species  much  resembles  C.  'pcnnsyl- 
vanica  Lam.  but  unlike  the  latter  is  not  stoloniferous,  the  fer¬ 
tile  spikes  loosely  flowered,  and  the  whole  plant  taller  and  less 
strict  in  habit.  This  is  the  C.  varia  of  Gray’s  Manual,  5th 
ed.,  p.  692,  and  of  most  catalogues  published  previous  to 
1890.  The  true  C.  varia  Muhl.  ( C.  emmonsii  Dew.)  ought 
to  be  found  within  our  limits. 

Wild  Cat  Den,  Muscatine  county,  1893,  and  Scott  county, 
June,  1897,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Muscatine,  1897,  Ball. 

41.  C.  Pennsylvania  Lam.  Encyc.  111,  388  (1789). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  333,  fig.  795;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  612;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  34;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  1 1 7 ;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames, 
525;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Wheeler,  FI.  Mil¬ 
waukee  County,  Wis.,  187;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  185;  Wil¬ 
liams,  Grass  and  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43. 

High  prairies  and  woods;  the  most  common  and  the  earliest 
of  our  sedges,  the  flowers  appearing  in  April,  the  fruit  a 


35o 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


month  later.  Strongly  stoloniferous,  forming  small  patches, 
and  furnishing  considerable  early  pasturage. 

Emmet  county,  1878  and  many  later  collections,  Cratty ; 
Fayette  county,  1895,  Fink ;  Johnson  county,  1875,  Shimek ; 
Charles  City,  May,  1874,  Arthur;  Ledyard,  Kossuth  county, 
July,  1897,  Pammel;  Iowa  City,  1887,  Hitchcock;  Ames, 
1891,  Rolfs;  Grinnell,  1886,  Norris;  Scott  and  Muscatine 
counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Decatur  county,  May,  1897,  Fitz- 
-patrick.  Prof.  C.  E.  Bessey  in  June,  1875,  collected  at  Ames 
what  I  take  to  be  a  late  flowering  form  of  this  species,  with 
the  strict  leaves  much  exceeding  the  culm.  The  same  form 
in  flower  was  collected  by  Prof.  B.  Shimek  in  Lyon  county, 
June,  1897.  Both  these  may  prove  to  be  something  else,  but 
further  observations  and  more  complete  material  are  neces¬ 
sary. 

42.  C.  pubescens  Mahl.  Willd.  Sp.  PL,  iv,  281  (1805). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  336,  fig.  802;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  613;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  v;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  116; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  95;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee 
Co.,  Wis.,  187. 

Rare  in  moist  woods,  central  and  southeastern  portions  of 
the  state. 

Iowa  City,  1887,  Hitchcock ;  Jasper  county,  1885,  Norris; 
Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  infrequent,  Barnes  &  Miller . 

43.  C.  jamesii  Schwein.  Ann.  Lyc.,  N.  Y.,  1,  67  (1824). 

C.  steudelln  Kunth.,  Enum.,  u,  480  (1837). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  337,  fig.  807;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  613:  Swezey’s  Flow.  PI. 
Neb.,  15;  Higley  &  Raddin,  FI.  Cook  Co.,  Ills.,  136. 

Rare  in  dry,  rich  woods  and  thickets,  eastern  portion  of  the 

state;  not  before  reported  from  Iowa.  An  inconspicuous, 

grass-like  species,  the  few-flowered  spikes  hidden  among 

the  leaves,  and  easily  overlooked  by  any  but  an  acute  observer. 

Wilton  and  Wild  Cat  Den,  Muscatine  county,  June,  1895, 

Barnes  &  Miller. 

44.  C.  chordorrhiza  Linn.  f.  Supl.  414  (1781). 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  341,  fig.  817;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  614;  Arthur, 
Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  v;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  116;  Brendel,  FI.  Pe¬ 
oriana,  88;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  279. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


351 


Very  rare  in  cold  bogs.  The  long  creeping  rootstocks 
each  send  up  numerous  culms  to  the  height  of  10  to  20 
inches.  This  is  an  example  of  a  high  northern  plant  which 
barely  comes  within  our  limits.  Also  in  northern  Europe. 

Emmet  county,  in  a  bog  two  miles  north  of  Armstrong 
June,  1^78,  the  only  locality  known  in  the  state,  Cratty. 

45.  C.  stenophylla  Wahl.  K.  Acad.  Handl.  ser.  2,  xxiv, 

142  (1803).  PI.  VI. 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  341,  fig.  891;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  614;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  v,  No.  860a;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  1 1 5 ;  Webber,  FI. 
Neb.,  98;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  527;  Shimek,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad. 
Sci  ,  iv,  74. 

Very  dry  ground  on  gravelly  knolls.  This  plant,  also  a 
native  of  northern  and  central  Europe,  here  finds  its  eastern 
limit  in  the  United  States.  It  ranges  from  Iowa  to  Minnesota, 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  Colorado  and  northward.  So  far  as 
known  it  is  the  only  strictly  western  species  of  the  genus  oc¬ 
curring  within  our  limits.  This  is  the  C.  siccata  of  Arthur’s 
Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  v,  (1882). 

Estherville,  June,  1882,  in  very  dry  ground,  forming  a  dense 
patch  on  school-house  block,  the  station  since  destroyed; 
Lyon  county,  Aug.  1,  1896,  very  old  plants,  the  perigynia 
turned  black,  slightly  larger  than  in  the  Emmet  county  plant, 
Shimek.  In  June,  1897,  Prof.  Shimek  again  collected  this 
plant  in  the  same  locality,  growing  with  Buffalo  Grass  ( Bid - 
bills  dactyloides  (Nutt.)  Raf. 

46.  C.  conjuncta  Boott.  Ill.  Car.,  122  (1862). 

Ill  us.  Flora,  1,  342,  fig.  822:  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  614;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  hi;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val., 
1 1 5 ;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93 ;  Bren  del,  FI.  Peoriana,  62:  Bruhin,  Z  wei.  Nach. 
FI.  Wis.,  643. 

Rare  in  woods,  central  and  southern  portions  of  the  state. 
Johnson  county,  1895,  Shimek;  Story  county,  Hitchcock ; 
Kellogg,  June  1876,  collector  unknown. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


352 

47.  C.  STIPATA  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  IV,  253  (1805). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  343,  fig.  823;  G raj’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  614;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33: 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  1 1 5 ;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana,  62;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  187;  Rjdberg,  FI. 
Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  185;  Williams,  Grass,  and  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43 ;  Fink., 
Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Wei  marshy  ground,  usually  in  woods;  common  throughout. 
The  plants  are  very  weak  when  growing  in  water,  but  in 
drier  ground  they  are  less  flaccid,  with  narrower  leaves. 

Emmet  county,  1882,  Cratty;  Fayette  county,  1895 ,Fink; 
Iowa  City,  Hitchcock;  Shelby  county,  1894,  and  Johnson 
county,  1895,  Fitzpatrick ;  Jasper  county,  May,  1886,  Norris; 
Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Ames,  Bes- 
sey ;  Keokuk,  June  1,  1897,  Shimek. 

48  C.  crus-corvi  Shuttlew.  Kunze,  Riedg.,  Suppl.  128 
(1844). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  343,  fig.  824;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  614;  Arthur, 
Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  in;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  1 15 ;  Tracj,  FI.  Mo., 
92;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Webber,  FL 
Neb.,  98. 

Low  ground,  southeastern  section  of  the  state;  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  species  of  the  genus,  and  rather  rare  within 
our  limits. 

Clinton  county,  1878,  Butler ;  Page  county,  1888,  Hitch¬ 
cock  ;  borders  of  Muscatine  slough,  Reppert ;  Muscatine  Island, 
Louisa  county,  Aug.  7,  1897,  Shimek  &  Meyers. 

49.  C.  teretiuscula  Good.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  11,  167 
( 1 794- ) 

Ulus.  Flora,  i,  344,  fig.  827;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  614;  Arthur, 
Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  iv;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  114;  Brendel,  FI. 
Peoriana,  62;  Rjdberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  185. 

Rare  in  bogs;  northern  and  central  portions  of  the  state. 
Also  common  in  northern  Europe. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty ;  Ames,  1880,  Bessey ;  Grin¬ 
ned,  1877,  Jones. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


353 

50.  C.  teretiuscula  prairea  (Dezv.)  Britton.  Illus.  Flora, 

1, 344  (1896). 

C.  teretiuscula  var.  ramosa  Boott.  Ill.  Car.,  145  (1867),  not  C.  ramosa  Schk. 
<1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  c. ;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  615;  MacMillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  1 1 3 ;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278. 

With  the  type,  and  probably  more  widely  distributed.  As 
it  occurs  with  us  it  is  usually  coarser  than  the  typical  plant, 
the  compound  spike  heavier.  Not  before  reported  from 
Iowa. 

Estherville,  Emmet  county,  June  25,  1881,  Cratty  ;  Grin- 
nell,  May,  1886,  Norris ;  Story  City,  June  7>  1897,  Pammel 
&  Beyers;  Granite,  Lyon  county,  June,  1897,  Shimek ;  Arm¬ 
strong,  1897,  Cratty. 

51.  C.  gravida  Bailey.  Typ.  Car.  5  (1889). 

(J-  cefhaloidea  Auc.  Am.  in  part,  not  of  Dewey  (1840). 

C.  gravida  var.  laxijolia  Bailey,  Typ.  Car.  6  (1889). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  345,  fig.  829;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  615;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  33  (as  C.  ceflialoidea)\  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  1 1 3 ;  Web¬ 
ber,  FI.  Neb.,  98. 

Low  ground,  woods  and  prairies;  common  throughout,  and 
quite  variable.  Most  of  the  specimens  found  in  the  upper 
Mississippi  Valley  and  referred  to  C.  cefhaloidea  previous  to 
1890  belong  here.  In  rich,  moist  soil  in  woods  the  plants  are 
often  2  feet  or  more  in  height,  the  spikes  very  large  and 
heavy,  the  foliage  lax  (var.  laxifolia  Bailey).  In  poorer  soil 
or  on  the  open  prairies  the  plants  are  smaller  and  more  strict 
in  habit.  C.  alofecoidea  Tuck,  has  been  reported  from  this 
state,  but  the  specimens  so  labelled  in  the  I.  A.  C.  herbarium 
are  a  lax  form  of  the  above  species. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  and  many  later  collections,  Cratty; 
Iowa  City,  1893-4,  Shimek;  Ames,  Hitchcock •  Grinnell,  1886, 
Norris ;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  High 
Bridge,  Dallas  county,  July  6,  1897,  and  Grand  River,  June, 
1890,  Shimek;  Spirit  Lake,  June  24,  1881,  Arthur;  Marshall¬ 
town,  1897,  Pammel . 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


354 

52.  C.  vulpinoidea  Michx.  FI.  N.  Am.,  11,  169  (1803). 

Illus.  Flora,  i,  345,  fig.  830;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed  ,  615;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  1 13 ;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  95;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  123;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;, 
Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  Co.,  Wis.,  187;  Williams,  Grass,  and  For.  PI. 
Daks.,  42;  Fink,  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Very  common  in  low,  wet  ground,  the  fruit  a  greenish 
brown  when  mature;  quite  variable  in  regard  to  size,  usually 
growing  in  large,  dense  tufts,  sometimes  one  or  two  feet  in 
diameter.  It  is  more  common  in  ground  that  is  occasionally 
flooded  with  water,  but  also  occurs  in  quite  dry  soil  along 
roadsides  and  in  neglected  places. 

Johnson  county,  1894,  Shi/mek;  Emmet  county,  1878,  and 
Spirit  Lake,  1896,  Cratly  ;  Fayette  county,  1895,  Miss  Ona 
M.  Rounds ;  Greenfield,  1892,  Stewart ;  Ames  and  Iowa  City, 
Hitchcock ;  Webster  City,  1891,  Pammel ;  Hamilton  county, 
1891,  Rolfs;  Lucas  county,  Shepherd ;  Winneshiek  county, 
July,  1896,  Fitzpatrick ;  Jasper  county,  May,  1886,  Norris; 
Johnson  county,  July,  1897,  a  very  slender  form,  Misses  Finch 
&  Cavanagh ;  Muscatine  Island,  Louisa  county,  Aug.  1, 
1897,  Shimek  &  Meyers;  Fort  Dodge,  July  5,  1897,  Grand 
River,  June,  1890,  and  Granite,  Lyon  county,  June,  1897, 
Shimek;  Colo,  July  6,  1897,  Vernon;  Ledyard,  Kossuth 
county,  July  21,  1897,  Pammel ;  Missouri  Valley,  June  21, 
1897,  and  Belmond  and  New  Albin,  1897,  Pammel ; 
Boone,  1897,  Steele;  Le  Claire,  1897,  Rolfs;  Scott  and  Mus¬ 
catine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

53-  c.  xanthocarpa  Bicknell.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xx,  22 

(1896).  PI.  VII. 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  345,  fig.  831. 

This  species  has  not  heretofore  been  reported  west  of  Ohio. 
In  general  appearance  it  quite  closely  resembles  the  preced¬ 
ing  but  differs  from  it  in  having  the  culms  much  longer  than 
the  leaves,  the  bracts  much  shorter  and  inconspicuous,  the 
larger  ovate-elliptic  perigynia  a  bright  yellow.  Our  speci¬ 
mens  have  the  perigynia  wider  than  the  figure  in  the  Illus- 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


355 

trated  Flora.  Prof.  Bailey,  to  whom  I  sent  a  specimen, 
kindly  verified  my  determination. 

Peru,  Madison  county,  July  2,  1897,  D.  E.  Holingsworth ; 
Buffalo,  Scott  county,  June  6,  1895,  in  dry  sandy  grass-land, 
growing  in  dense  tufts,  3  to  4  feet  high;  also  at  Blue  Grass  in 
dry  meadows,  infrequent,  Barnes  &  Miller . 

54.  C.  sartwellii  Dew .  Sill.  Jour,  xliii,  90  (1842). 

C.  disticha  Gray’s  Man.,  5th  ed.,  574  (1867)  not  Hudson. 

Illus.  Flora  1,  346,  fig.  833;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  615;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa, 
33;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  1 1 3 ; 
Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  124;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Webber,  FI. 
Neb.,  98;  Williams,  Grass,  and  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43. 

Low  prairies,  not  common.  The  plant  is  usually  dioecious 
with  us,  the  fertile  and  sterile  plants  growing  in  separate 
patches.  It  seems  to  be  very  tenacious  of  life,  several  patches 
in  the  author’s  door-yard  flowering  and  perfecting  fruit  every 
year  in  the  hard  packed  soil  along  with  knotweed  ( Polygo¬ 
num  aviculare  L.).  The  plant  varies  from  6  to  10  inches  in 
height  on  higher  ground,  to  2  feet  high  in  moister  situations. 

Emmet  county,  various  collections,  Cratty;  station  not 
given,  but  probably  Ames,  1871,  Bessey;  Noels  and  Blue 
Grass,  Scott  county,  1894,  Barnes  &  Miller . 

55.  e.  rosea  Schkuhr .  Nacht.  xv,  179  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  347,  fig.  835;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  616;  Arthur, 
FI.  Iowa,  33;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  112;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  124;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  Brendel.  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  FI. 
Wis.,  278;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  98;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  105. 

Very  common  throughout  in  woods,  and  occasionally  on 
low  prairies.  In  the  latter  situation  the  plants  grow  in  larger 
stools,  are  more  slender  and  lighter  colored,  the  spikes 
smaller.  In  deep,  rich  woods  the  plants  are  a  darker  green 
throughout. 

Charles  City,  July,  1875,  Arthur;  Iowa  City,  1889,  Hitch¬ 
cock;  Emmet  county,  1896,  Cratty;  Johnson  county,  1895, 
Shimek;  Fayette  county,  1895,  Fink;  Shelby  county,  1895, 
and  Decatur  county,  1897,  Fitzpatrick ;  Grinnell,  1885,  Mor¬ 
ris;  Scott  and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller;  High 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


356 

Bridge,  Dallas  county,  July  6,  1897,  Shimek;  Marshalltown, 
May  1,  1897,  No.  384,  Pammel. 

56.  C.  rosea  radiata  Dew.  Sill.  Jour,  x,  276  (1826). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  347;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  616;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn. 
Val.,  112;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94;  94;  Upham,  FI.  Minn.,  49;  Higley  & 
Raddin,  FI.  Cook  County,  Ills.,  136. 

Rare,  drier  ground  in  woods.  Almost  capillary,  spikes 
fewer,  the  3  or  4  perigynia  ascending.  Not  before  reported 
from  Iowa. 

Johnson  county,  1895,  Shimek;  Ames,  1875,  Bessey ;  Iowa 
City,  1887,  Hitchcock ;  Emmet  county,  Aug.  28,  1897,  Cratty ; 
Fort  Dodge,  July  5,  1897,  Shimek. 

57-  C.  sparganioides  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  IV,  237  (1805). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  348,  fig.  839;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  616;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  525;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa, 
124;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Wheeler,  FI.  Milwaukee  County,  Wis., 
187. 

Low  ground,  central,  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  the 
state;  rather  rare. 

Charles  City,  June  1,  1875,  Arthur;  Ames,  Hitchcock ; 
Poweshiek  county,  July,  1888,  JVorris  ;  Scott  and  Muscatine 
counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Decatur  county,  May  24,  1897, 
Fitzpatrick ;  Keokuk,  June  1,  and  High  Bridge,  Dallas 
county,  July  5,  1897,  Shimek. 

58.  C.  cephaloidea  Dew.  Rep.  PI.  Mass.,  262  (1840). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  348,  fig.  840;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  617. 

Rare,  usually  in  quite  dry  ground. 

Swale  near  Le  Claire,  Scott  county,  1896,  Barnes  &  Mil¬ 
ler.  Determined  by  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey.  This  is  the  first 
time  so  far  as  known  to  me  that  the  true  olant  has  been  de- 

j 

tected  within  our  limits.  Nearly  all  the  western  plants  here¬ 
tofore  referred  to  this  species  belong  to  C.  gravida  Bailey. 

59.  C.  CEPHALOPHORA  Muhl.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  IV,  220  (1805). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  349,  fig.  841;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  617;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa, 
33;  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  111; 
Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  93;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  124;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana, 
62;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  106. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES 


357 


Dry  ground,  common  except  in  the  northern  portions 
of  the  state;  a  very  pretty  species,  the  plant  a  pale  green, 
especially  the  small  spikes. 

Ames,  June,  1875,  Arthur ;  Johnson  county,  1894,  several 
collections,  Shimek ;  Fayette  county,  1895,  Skinner;  Story 
county ,  Hitchcock ;  Muscatine,  1890,  Revert ;  Scott  and  Mus¬ 
catine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Louisa  county,  Aug.  1, 
1897,  Shimek  &  Meyers . 

60.  C.  leaven worthii  Dew.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  2nd  ser.,  11, 

246  (1846). 

C.  cefhalophora  var.  augustifolia  Boott.  Ill.  Car.  123  (1862). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  349,  fig.  842;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  617. 

Probably  rare  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  state.  Not 
before  reported  from  Iowa.  This  much  resembles  the  pre¬ 
ceding  species,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  smaller 
size,  very  slender  culms,  and  much  narrower  leaves,  y2  to  1% 
lines  wide.  The  heads  and  perigynia  are  smaller  than  those 
of  C.  cejphalofhora.  So  far  as  is  known  to  the  author,  this 
species  does  not  occur  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The 
range  heretofore  given  is  from  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to 
Texas. 

Shelby  county,  May  11,  1895,  Fitzfatrick.  My  thanks  are 
due  Prof.  Bailey  for  verifying  my  determination  of  this  plant. 

61.  C.  sterilis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  iv,  208  (1805). 

C.  sterilis  var.  excelsior  Bailey.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xx,  425  (1893). 

Illus.  Flora.  1,  350,  fig.  844;  Gray’s  Man.  6th  ed.,  618;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa, 
33;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  95;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62. 

Moist  soil,  eastern  portion  of  the  state,  rare. 

Railroad  track  near  Buffalo,  Scott  county,  1895,  Barnes  & 
Miller.  This  plant,  the  spikes  large  and  approximate,  differs 
from  the  type  in  having  the  perigynia  much  broader,  1  line 
long  by  ^3  line  wide,  and  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  cord¬ 
ate  at  the  base.  Prof.  Bailey,  who  refers  it  to  his  var.  excel¬ 
sior,  says,  ‘‘very  like  C.  atlanticaS  A  similar  form,  but 
greener  and  2  feet  tall,  was  collected  at  Keokuk  June  1,  1897, 
by  Prof.  Shimek,  who  also  collected  the  typical  form  at  High 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


358 

Bridge,  Dallas  county,  July  6,  1897.  All  specimens  seen  have 
the  spikes  contiguous. 

62.  C.  interior  Bailey ,  Bull.  Tori*.  Club,  xx,  426  (1893). 

C.  stellulata  var.  scirpoides  Boott.  Ill.  Car.  (1858). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  350,  fig.  849;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn. 
Val.,  in;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills,  Neb.,  185;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad. 
Sci.,  iv,  106. 

Low  ground,  probably  throughout  the  state. 

Emmet  county,  1882,  Cratty  ;  Fayette  county,  1894,  Fink; 
Scott  county,  1892,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Grinnell,  1885,  Morris , 
and  1886,  Johnson. 

63.  C.  deweyana  Sclizvein .  Ann.  Lyc.,  N.  Y.,  1,  65  (1864). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  354,  fig.  856;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  619;  Arthur,  Cont.  FI. 
Iowa,  v;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  no;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S. 
D.,  528. 

Dry  ground  in  woods;  a  very  pretty  and  delicate  species, 
closely  resembling  C.  hromoides  Schkuhr,  from  which  it  is 
distinguished  by  its  nerveless  perigynia  and  oblong  spikes. 
Dr.  Arthur  kindly  loaned  me  his  original  specimen  for  exam¬ 
ination. 

Spirit  Lake,  June  21,  1881,  Arthur. 

Note. — C.  hromoides  Schkuhr,  has  been  reported  from  Iowa,  but  I  have 
been  unable  to  find  a  specimen  in  any  of  the  collections  examined.  It  is 
reported  by  Prof.  Tracy  in  his  Flora  of  Missouri,  p.  92,  and  by  Bruhin  in 
his  Flora  of  Wisconsin,  p.  278. 

64.  C.  muskingumensis  Sclizvein.  Ann  Lyc.,  N.  Y.,  1,  312 

(IS25). 

C.  arida  Schwein.  and  Torr.  Ann.  Lyc.,  N.  Y.,  1,  312  (1825). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  355,  fig.  681 ;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  620;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  33 ; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  109;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  92;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  279. 

Woods,  eastern  and  central,  not  infrequent;  a  large  sedge, 
with  crowded  leaves  on  the  sterile  shoots,  which  with  the 
long,  narrow,  cylindrical  spikes  give  the  plant  an  appearance 
strikingly  distinct  from  any  of  our  other  carices. 

Ames,  Hitchcock;  banks  of  Wapsipinicon  river,  Scott 
county,  July  8,  1896,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Jasper  county,  May, 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


359 


1886,  Norris;  woodlands  along  the  Mississippi  river,  Clinton 
and  Muscatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Grinnell,  1877, 
Jones;  Ames,  July  1,  1897,  Stewart . 

65.  C.  tribuloides  Wahl.  K.  Acad.  Handl.  xxiv,  145 

(1803).  PI.  VIII. 

O.  lagofiodoid.es  Schkuhr,  Nacht.,  20  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  356,  fig.  862;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  620;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val  ,  108;  Bessey,  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  124;  Bren- 
del,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad. 
Sci.,  iv,  106. 

Low  ground,  usually  near  timber;  probably  throughout  the 
state  but  not  plentiful. 

Ames  and  Grinnell,  July  4,  1886,  Johnson;  Eldridge,  Scott 
county,  June,  July,  1897,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Johnson  county, 
July,  1897,  Misses  Finch  &  Cavanagh;  Keokuk,  June  1, 
1897,  Shimek ;  Montrose,  Sept.,  1883,  Arthur. 

66.  C.  tribuloides  bebbii  ( Olney )  Bailey.  Typ.  Car.,  55 

( 1889) . 

C •  bebbii  Olney.  Exsic.  II,  12  (1870). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  356;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  620;  MacMillan,  Metas. 
Minn.  Val.,  109;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  98;  Ryd¬ 
berg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S'.  D.,  528;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  106. 

Very  low  ground,  sloughs  and  margins  of  ponds  and  lakes; 
growing  in  dense  tufts,  the  spikes  clustered  in  a  dense  head. 
Not  before  reported  from  Iowa. 

Emmet  county,  one  mile  east  of  Armstrong,  July,  1895, 
Cratty.  Two  forms  occur;  one  with  more  slender  culms,  6 
to  12  inches  high,  the  spikes  about  3  lines  long;  the  other  2 
feet  high,  stouter,  with  the  spikes  a  third  larger.  An  imper¬ 
fect  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Skinner  in  1895  at  Fayette 
probably  belongs  here. 

67.  C.  TRIBULOIDES  MONILIFORMIS  (  Tuck .)  Britton.  Illus. 

Flora,  1,  356  (1896.) 

C-  scofiaria  var.  moniliformis  Tuck.  Enum.  Meth.,  17  (1843). 

C-  tribuloides  var.  reducta  Bailey.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.,  xxn,  118  (1886). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  c.;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  620;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci., 
iv,  106. 


360 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Southern  and  eastern.  Not  before  reported  from  Iowa- 
The  species  and  these  two  varieties,  though  widely  distrib¬ 
uted  throughout  the  state,  are  probably  rather  rare. 

Johnson  county,  1888,  Miss  Linder ;  Fayette  county,  1894, 
Fink;  Spirit  Lake,  June  21,  1881,  Arthur. 

68.  C.  scopari a  Schkuhr .  Riedgr.  Nacht.,  20  (1806). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  356.  fig.  863;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  620;  Arthur,  FI. 
Iowa,  33;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  108;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana, 
62;  Hale,  Add.  FI.  Wis.,  5;  Bot.  Surv.  Neb.,  hi,  16;  Fink,  Proc.  Iowa 
Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  106. 

Woods,  probably  throughout  the  state,  but  reported  only 
from  the  eastern  half.  Very  variable  like  the  rest  of  the 
group. 

Penn  twp.,  Johnson  county,  1893,  Cedar  Rapids,  1894,  and 
Davenport,  1895,  Shimek;  Charles  City,  July,  1875,  Arthur; 
Eldridge,  Scott  county,  1897,  Barnes  &  Miller. 

69.  C.  cristatella  Britton.  Illus.  Flora,  1,  357  (1896). 

C.  cristata  Schwein.  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y.,  1,  66  (1824)  not  Clairv.  (1811). 

C.  straminea  var.  cristata  Tuck.  Enum.  Meth.,  18  (1843). 

C.  lagopodioides  var.  cristata  Carey;  Gray’s  Man.,  1st  ed.,  545  (1848). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  c.,  fig.  865;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  620;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34; 
Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames,  525;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  109;  Tracy, 
FI.  Mo.,  93;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Bruhin,  FI.  Wis.,  278;  Webber, 
App.  FI.  Neb.,  23. 

Low  ground  along  streams,  margins  of  lakes,  and  edges  of 
woods.  Throughout  but  not  plentiful. 

Emmet  county,  rare,  Aug.,  1890,  C ratty ;  Ames,  Hitch¬ 
cock;  Scott  and  Mascatine  counties,  Barnes  &  Miller ;  Deca¬ 
tur  county,  1897,  Fitzpatrick ;  Mt.  Pleasant,  Oct.  1,  1887,  Dr.. 
Mitte. 

70.  C.  fcenea  Willd.,  Enum.  957  (1809). 

C '.  adusta  Gray’s  Man.,  5th  ed.,  580  (1867),  not  of  Boott. 

Illus.  Flora,  1,357;  fig.  867;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  621 ;  MacMillan,  Metas.. 
Minn.  Val.,  108;  Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  88. 

Rare  on  moist  prairies,  central  and  eastern  parts  of  the 
state. 

Eldridge,  Scott  county,  June,  1897,  Barnes  &  Miller.  Re- 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


361 

garding  this  collection  Prof.  Bailey  writes  Mr.  Barnes: 
“Very  like  C.  silicea  Olney.”  Ames,  June  14,  1897,  (fide 
Boott);  Belmond,  1897,  a  doubtful  form  with  the  inner  face 
smooth,  Pummel. 

71.  C.  fcenea  perplex  a  B alley ;  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  1,  27 

(1889). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  357;  Bailey  in  Grav’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  621. 

Rare  on  prairies;  not  before  reported  from  Iowa. 

Buffalo,  Scott  county,  June,  1896,  Barnes  &  Miller.  Cses- 
pitose  in  habit,  the  culms  1^  to  3  feet  high,  spikes  3  to  6, 
more  aggregated  larger  and  more  truncate  at  the  base  than  in 
type,  the  perigynia  not  strongly  nerved  on  the  outer  face,  and 
smooth  or  very  obscurely  nerved  on  the  inner.  Spirit  Lake, 
June  24,  1881,  Arthur.  This  latter  is  the  C.  adusta  of  Ar¬ 
thur’s  catalogue.  It  seems  to  be  identical  with  the  Scott 
county  plant  which  was  determined  by  Prof.  Bailey. 

72.  C.  straminea  Willd.  Schkuhr.  Riedgr.  49  (i8or). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1,  358,  fig.  868 ;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  621 ;  Arthur,  Cont. 
FI.  Iowa,  in;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  106;  Tracy,  FI.  Mo.,  94; 
Brendel,  FI.  Peoriana,  62;  Rydberg,  FI.  Sand  Hills  Neb.,  185;  Finkr 
Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  iv,  106. 

Woods  and  prairies;  the  typical  plant  seems  to  be  rather 
scarce.  This  and  the  related  species  and  varieties  run  to¬ 
gether  inextricably,  and  form  a  most  perplexing  group. 

Fayette  county,  1895,  Fink ;  Scott  county,  June,  1897, 
Barnes  &  Miller;  Emmet  county,  a  form  common  on  dry 
prairies  with  stiffer  culms,  10  to  20  inches  high,  and  larger 
spikes  and  perigynia,  closely  approaching  C .  festucacea  Willd., 
Cratty ;  Decatur  county,  July,  1897,  Fitzpatrick ;  Granite,. 
Lyon  county,  June,  1897,  Shimek;  Spirit  Lake,  June  4,  1881, 
Arthur. 

73.  C.  straminea  mirabilis  [Dew.)  Tuck.  Enum.  Meth., 

18  (1843). 

C.  mirabilis  Dew.  Sill.  Jour  ,  xxx,  63(1836). 

Illus.  Flora,  1,  358;  Bailey  in  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  621:  MacMillan,  Metas_ 
Minn.  Val.,  107;  Upham,  Supl.  FI.  Minn.,  49;  Webber,  FI.  Neb.,  98. 


362 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


Rare  in  low  ground;  central  portion  of  the  state. 

Ames,  June  1,  1877?  Arthur,  and  another  collection,  John¬ 
son;  Poweshiek  county,  July  4,  1886,  Johnson;  Charles  City, 
July,  1875,  Arthur. 

74.  C.  tenera  Dew.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  viii,  97  (1824). 

C.  straminea  var.  aperta  Boott,  Ill.  Car.  120  (1862). 

C.  straminea  var.  tenera  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  x,  381  (1885). 

Ulus.  Flora,  1.,  358.  fig.  870;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  622 ;  Bruhin,  Zvvei.  Nach. 
FI.  Wis.,  643;  Williams,  Grass  and  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43;  Higley  &  Radain 
FI.  Cook  Co.,  Ills.,  138. 

Rare  in  low  ground. 

Spirit  Lake,  June  21,  1881,  Arthur;  Emmet  connty,  \iS84, 

Cratty ;  Johnson  county,  May  28,  1894,  Shimek;  Ames,  Car¬ 
ver;  Jasper  county,  1886,  Norris. 

Part  of  the  above  are  not  typical,  but  seem  best  referred 
here.  The  perigynia  are  broader  than  would  appear  from  the 
figure  in  the  Illustrated  Flora.  In  the  Emmet  and  Johnson 
county  plants  the  spikes  are  3  to  5,  light  colored,  the  upper  two 
usually  contiguous.  Dr.  Arthur  collected  a  large  form  at  Ames 
which  appears  to  connect  this  with  the  next. 

75.  C.  FESTUCACEA  Wllld.  Sp.  PI.,  IV.,  242  (1825). 

fj.  straminea  var.  brevior  Dew.  Sill.  Jour,  xi.,  158  (1826). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.,  359,  fig.  871 ;  G ray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.r 622 ;  Arthur,  FI.  Iowa,  34, 
and  Cont.  FI.  Iowa,  v.;  MacMillan,  Metas.  Minn.  Val.,  106;  Bruhin, 
Z  wei,  Nacht,  FI.  Wis  ,  643 ;  W ebber,  App.  FI.  Neb.,  23;  Williams,  Grass 
&  For.  PI.  Daks.,  43;  Higley  &  Raddin,  FI.  Cook  Co.,  Ills.,  138. 

V1  •  t 

Common  on  prairies  every  where  throughout  the  state;  very 
variable. 

Charles  City,  June  29,  1875,  Arthur;  Lyon  county,  1896, 
and  Johnson  counny,  1894-5,  Shimek;  Iowa  City,  1889,  Hitch¬ 
cock  ;  Hamilton  county,  1891,  Rolfs;  Lucas  county,  Shepherd; 
Emmet  county,  1896,  Cratty ;  Ames,  1897,  Arthur;  Eldridge, 
June,  1897,  Bctrnts  &  Miller ;  Spirit  Lake,  1881,  Arthur; 
Decatur  county,  Aug.,  1897,  Fitzpatrick ;  Lyon  county,  1897, 
and  Keokuk,  June  1,  1897,  Shimek;  Charles  City,  June,  1874, 
Arthur ;  Des  Moines,  May  17,  1897,  L.  H.  &  Emma  Pam- 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES.  363 

met;  Fort  Dodge,  July  5,  1897,  Shiniek;  Missouri  Valley,  June 
21,  1897,  a  form  approaching  the  next  species,  Pammel. 

A  form  collected  by  Prof.  Hitchcock  at  Ames  is  labeled 
“var.  brcvior ,  approaching  var.  alata ”  by  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey. 
Similar  forms  were  collected  at  Charles  City  by  Dr.  Arthur, 
and  at  Eldridge,  Scott  county,  June,  1897,  by  Messrs.  Barnes 
&  Miller.  This  latter  plant  is  the  C.  straminea  var ._ ferruginea 
Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  xx.,  421  (1893). 

76.  C.  alata  Torr.  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y.,  hi.,  396  (1826). 

C.  straminea  var.  alata  Bailey.  Cat.  Car.,  (1884). 

Illus.  Flora,  1.,  359,  fig.  872 ;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.  622:  Hitchcock,  PI.  Ames, 
525;  Higley  &  Raddin,  FI.  Cook 'Co.,  Ills.,  138. 

Low  ground,  rare  within  our  limits.  The  specimens  have 
the  perigynia  slightly  narrower,  the  beak  a  little  longer  than 
in  the  eastern  plant. 

Ames,  Hitchcock;  a  specimen  in  the  I.  A.  C.  herbarium 
labelled  “  Iowa,  June  23,  1871,  Bessey Grinnell,  June,  1886, 
an  intermediate  form  which  I  refer  here,  Norris. 

77.  c.  BiCKNELLii  Britton.  Illus.  Flora,  1.,  360,  fig.  874 

(1896) . 

(J.  straminea  var.  crawii  Boott,  Ill.  Car.  121  (1862),  not  C.  crazvii  Dew. 
(1846),  which  is  an  accepted  species. 

ft 

Illus.  Flora,  1.  c. ;  Bailey  in  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.,  xx.,  421 ;  Arthur,  Flora 
Iowa,  34,  no.  881 ;  Rydberg,  FI.  Bl.  Hills,  S.  D.,  527. 

Rare  and  uncharacteristic  with  us.  The  broadly  winged 

perigynia  shell  off  very  easily  when  mature.  Usually  but 

few  plants  are  found  in  a  place,  and  those  very  loosely  tufted. 

Emmet  county,  1878,  Cratty ;  Johnson  county,  1894,  Shiniek, 

and  Ames,  June  16,  1877,  Arthur.  The  two  latter  I  refer 

here  with  some  hesitation.  Keokuk,  June  1,  1897,  a  form 

with  the  beak  one-half  the  length  of  the  body  of  the  peri- 

gynium,  Shiniek. 

78.  C.  sychnocephala  Carey.  Sill.  Jour.,  ser.  2,  iv.,  24 
(1847).  PI.  IX. 

Illus.  Flora,  1.,  360,  fig.  875;  Gray’s  Man.,  6th  ed.,  622;  MacMillan,  Metas, 
Minn.  Val.,  106;  Bruhin,  Zwei,  Nach.  FI.  Wis.,  643;  Beal  &  Wheeler, 
FI.  Mich.,  157. 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


364 

Rare  in  sloughs  and  on  the  margins  of  ponds  and  lakes. 
Not  before  reported  from  Iowa.  This  sedge  usually  grows  in 
dense  tufts,  erect,  6  to  18  inches  high,  but  numerous  clumps 
with  prostrate  culms  2  feet  long  were  found  growing  with  the 
type  one  mile  east  of  Armstrong,  July,  1896.  This  plant 
seems  to  thrive  best  on  land  which  is  flooded  during  the  spring. 

Emmet  county,  July  12,  1891,  C ratty ;  Spirit  Lake,  July  30, 
1896,  Cratty  &  Shimek. 


Appendix. 


Since  the  manuscript  for  this  paper  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  printer  considerable  material,  illustrating  geographical 
distribution,  has  been  received  which  it  is  desirable  to  include. 
Owing  to  a  misunderstanding  regarding  the  scope  of  the  paper, 
a  considerable  amount  of  material  belonging  to  the  genera 
preceding  Carex ,  was  not  placed  in  my  hands  in  time  to  insert 
the  data  in  the  proper  place  in  the  body  of  the  paper.  The 
greater  portion  of  the  material  here  used  was  collected  by 
Prof.  Shimek  of  the  Iowa  State  University,  and  by  Prof.  C. 
R.  Ball  of  the  State  College  of  Agriculture,  to  both  of  whom 
I  am  deeply  indebted  for  the  generous  assistance  they  have  so 
freely  given  me. 

It  has  been  found  necessary  to  withhold  a  small  amount  of 
material  for  further  study  and  observation. 

P.  318. 

Cyfterus  rivularis  Kunth;  Forest  City,  1895,  and  Johnson 
county,  July,  1895,  Shimek. 

P.  319. 

C.  injlexiis  Muhl. ;  Johnson  county,  Sept.  1894,  Shimek. 

P.  319. 

C.  schweinitzii  T orr. ;  Muscatine,  Oct.,  1896,  Clear  Lake, 
Cerro  Gordo  county,  July,  1896,  and  Johnson  county,  1894, 
Shimek ;  Jackson  county,  1895,  P.  Bartsch;  Winneshiek  county, 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


365 

H.  Goddard;  Vinton,  June,  1898,  Ball;  Muscatine,  Aug.,  1897, 
a  peculiar  form  closely  approaching  C.  jiliculmis  in  general 
appearance. 

P.  3J9-% 

C.  acuminatus  Ton*.  &  Hook.;  Sioux  City,  Hitchcock. 

P.  320. 

C.  escidentus  L.;  Iowa  City,  Hitchcock;  Clayton  county, 
June,  1895,  and  Des  Moines  county,  Aug.,  1895,  Paid Bartsch; 
Hamburg,  1898,  Shimek ;  Ames,  July,  1897,  Ball;  Lebanon, 
July,  1898,  Ball  &  Sample. 

P.  321. 

C.  speciosus  L.;  Johnson  connty,  1889,  Miss  Linder;  Lyon 
county,  Aug.,  1896,  Shimek ;  Van  Buren  county,  July,  1898, 
Ball. 

P.  321. 

C.  strigosus  L.;  Forest  City,  July,  1896,  Shimek ;  Des 
Moines  county,  Paid  Bartsch > 

P.  322. 

C.  strigosus  compo  situs  Britton ;  sandy  river  bottoms,  John¬ 
son  county,  Sept.,  1894,  Shimek. 

P.  322. 

C .  jiliculmis  Vahl. ;  Keokuk,  July,  1895,  and  Johnson  county, 
July,  1895,  Shimek;  Winneshiek  county,  June,  1895,  H.  God¬ 
dard. 

p.  324. 

Eleocharis  ovata  (Roth.)  R.  &  S.;  Lyon  county,  June,  1897, 
Shimek. 

p.  324. 

E.palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.;  Spirit  Lake,  Aug.,  1896,  and 
Davenport,  1895,  Shimek;  Pottawattamie  county,  June  3, 
1897,  y.  E.  Cameron. 

p-  325- 

E .  acicidaxis  (L.)  R.  &  S. ;  Lake  Edwards,  Hancock  county, 
3:895,  Johnson  county,  1895,  Forest  City,  July,  1896,  Cedar 
Rapids,  June,  1894,  and  Rock  Rapids,  Aug.,  1896,  Shimek. 


366 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN 


P.  326. 

E.  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes;  Iowa  City,  Macbride ;  Lyon 
county,  June,  1897,  Shimek. 

P.  328. 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers. ;  Ames,  June,  1897,  Meeker  &  Ball. 

p.  329. 

Scirpus  lacustris  L.;  Clear  Lake  and  Hancock  county,  July, 
1896,  Shimek;  Mt.  Pleasant,  J.  H.  Mills;  Pottawattamie 
county,  June,  1897,  J.  E.  Cameron;  Albin,  July  1,  1898,  Ball. 

p.  329. 

S .  jluviatilis  (Torr.)  Gray;  Hancock  county,  July  17,1896, 
Shimek;  Ames,  June,  1898,  Ball  &  Sample. 

p-  330. 

S.  atrovirens  Muhl.;  Mt.  Pleasant,  July  7,  1898,  Muscatine, 
July  4,  1898,  and  Vinton,  June,  1898,  Ball;  Rock  Rapids, 
1896,  Forest  City,  July  17,  1896,  Mason  City,  July, 

1896,  Iowa  City,  June,  1894,  Keokuk,  July,  1895,  and  Grand 
River,  June,  1890,  Shimek;  Mt.  Pleasant,  J.  H.  Mills;  Win¬ 
neshiek  county,  June  13,  1896,  H.  Goddard. 

p.  330- 

S.  lineatus  Mich.;  Minerva,  June,  1898,  and  Van  Buren 
county,  Ball;  Wilson ville,  July  7,  1 895 ,  H.  C.  Taylor ;  Cedar 
Rapids,  Hitchcock. 

p-  332. 

Hemicarpha  micrantha  (Vahl.)  Britton;  sandy  river  bot¬ 
toms,  Johnson  county,  Sept.,  1894,  Shimek. 

P-  333- 

Scleria  triglomerata  Mich;  Monroe  county,  July  13,  1898, 
Ball. 

p.  336. 

Carex  lupulina  L.;  Keokuk,  July,  1895,  Shimek ;  Dubuque, 
July  17,  1895,  Paul  Bartsch. 

P-  336. 

C.  monile  Tuck.;  Story  City,  June  4,  1898,  Ball. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


367 


P-  338. 

C.  comosa  Boott;  Muscatine,  Sept.,  1892,  Shimek.  A  peculiar 
form  with  the  two  upper  spikes  nearly  sessile. 

P-  339- 

C.  typhinoides  Schwein.;  Dubuque,  July  17,  1895,  Paul 
Bai'tsch. 

P-  339- 

C.  tricliocarpa ,  Muhl.;  Vinton,  June  29,  1898,  Ball. 

p.  340. 

C.  shor liana  Dew.;  Muscatine,  July  4,  1898,  Ball;  Keokuk, 
July  5,  1895,  Shimek. 

p.  341. 

C.  lanuginosa  Mich.;  Story  City,  June,  1898 ,Ball  &  Sample. 

P-  343- 

C.  davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr.;  Ames,  June,  1898,  Ball. 

P-  344- 

C.  longirostris  Torr.;  Mason  City,  July  7?  1896,  Shimek. 

P-  344- 

C.grisea  Wahl.;  Garwin,  June  29,  1898,  and  Ames,  June 
20,  1898,  Ball. 

P.  346. 

C .  hitchcockiana  Dew.;  Keokuk,  Julv  5,  ^895,  and  Johnson 
county,  May,  1894,  Shimek.  The  latter  plant  has  the  leaves 
as  well  as  the  sheaths  pubescent,  the  perigvnia  scabrous.  A 
specimen  of  this  from  the  same  locality,  collected  later  in  the 
season  would  be  interesting. 

P-  347- 

C.  laxiffora  bland  a  (Dew. )  Boott;  Forest  City,  July  17,  1896, 
Shimek. 

P-  347- 

C.  albursina  Sheldon ;  Jackson  county,  Aug.,  1894,  Shimek. 

P-  349- 

C .  pennsylvanica  Lam.;  Ames,  1898,  Ball. 

p.  352- 

C.  stipata  Muhl. ;  Cedar  Rapids,  May  15,  1898,  Shimek. 


368 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


P-  353- 

C.  gravida  Bailey;  Lebanon,  July  n,  1898,  Ball. 

P-  354- 

C.  vulpiuoidca  Mich.;  Ames,  June  20,  1898,  Minerva,  June, 
1898,  Muscatine,  July,  1898,  and  Vinton,  June,  1898,  Ball; 
Davenport,  Forest  City,  July  18,  1896,  Rock  Rapids,  Lyon 
countv,  Aug.  5,  1898,  and  Mason  City,  July  6,  1896,  Shimek. 


P-  354- 

C.  xanthocarpa  Bicknell.  What  I  take  to  be  this  species 
was  collected  by  Prof.  Shimek  at  Cedar  Rapids,  June  7,  1894. 
The  lower  branch  is  one  in.  long;  otherwise  much  like  the  type. 

P-  355- 

C.  rosea  Schk.;  Cedar  Rapids,  May  15,  1896,  Shimek ;  Gar- 
win,  June  29,  1898,  Ball. 

p-  356- 

C.  rosea  radiata  Dew  ;  Lebanon,  July  11,  1898,  Ball  & 
Sample;  Ames,  June,  1898,  nearly  this,  Ball  &  Sample. 

p-  356- 

C.  spar o-anio ides  Muhl.;  Iowa  City,  1894,  Shimek;  Ames, 
June  3,  1898,  Ball. 

p-  356- 

A 

■  C.  cephalophora  Muhl.;  Ames,  June,  1898,  Ball  &  Sample. 

p-  358- 

C.  mushingumensis  Schwein.;  Muscatine,  Sept,  1896, 
Shimek. 

P-  359- 


C.  tribuloides  Wahl.;  Ames,  June,  1898,  Ball.  Prof.  Shimek 
collected  near  Mason  City  a  form  intermediate  between  this 
and  C.  tribuloides  bebbii. 


P-  359- 


C.  tribuloides  moniliformis  (Tuck.)  Britton;  Ames, June  20r 
1898,  Ball. 

P.  360. 

C.  sroparia  Schk.;  Vinton,  June  29,  1898,  Ball. 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


3^9 


P.  360. 

C.  cristateUci  Britton;  Vinton,  June  29,  1898,  Ball. 

P.  360. 

C.  adusta  Boott.  Prof.  Shimek  collected  at  Rock  Rapids, 
Lyon  countv,  Aug.,  1896,  what  appears  to  be  this  species. 
Further  observation  is  needed. 

C.foenea  Willd  on  p.  360. 

P.  362. 

C.  tener a  Dew.;  Forest  City,  July  18,  1896,  nearly  this, 

.  Shimek. 

P.  362. 

C.festucacea  Willd.;  Cedar  Rapids,  May  15,  1896,  and  Rock 
Rapids,  Aug.,  1896,  Shimek;  Monroe  county,  July,  1898, 
Ball. 

p-  363- 

C.  bicknellii  Britton;  Ames,  June  21,  1898,  Ball. 


SUMMARY. 


Cyperus,  species  and  varieties,  ......  13 

Dulichium,  -  .  .  .....  1 

Eleocharis,  ..........  9 

Stenophy llus,  .  '  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  •  1 

Fimbristy  lis,  ..........  1 

Scirpus,  ...........  7 

Eriophorum,  ..........  2 

Hemicarpha,  ..........  1 

Scleria,  ...........  1 

Carex,  ...........  78 

Genera,  ..........  10 

Species  and  varieties,  .......  114 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


370 

•  Table  showing  the  sedge  flora  of  Iowa  and  the  neighboring 
states  from  which  each  species  and  variety  has  been  reported: 


IOWA. 

Minn. 

Wis. 

Ills.' 

Mo. 

Kans. 

Neb. 

M 

(/) 

Cyperus  diandrus,  .... 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

rivularis, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

intlexus, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

schweinitzii, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

acuminatus, . 

• 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

ervthrorhizos,  .... 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

esculentus, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

«peciosus, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

strigosus, . 

strig.  capitatus, 
strig.  compositus, 
strig.  robustior, 
filiculmis, . 

/ 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Dulichium  arundinaceum,. 

•  *  •  V 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Eleocharis  atropurpurea,  .  . 

X 

ovata, . 

X 

X 

X 

• 

palustris, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pal.  glaucescens,  . 

acicularis, . 

wolfii, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

tenuis, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

acuminata, . 

intermedia, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Stenophyllus  capillaris, 

. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Fimbristylis  autumnalis, 

. 

X 

X 

X 

Scirpus  hallii, . 

X 

X 

americanus, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

lacustris, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

fluviatilis, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

atrovirens, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

lineatus, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

cyperiuus, . 

X 

.X 

X 

X 

Eriophorum  poly stachyon, 

X 

X 

X 

gracile, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Hemicarpha  micrantha, 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Scleria  triglomerata,  .... 

X 

X 

X 

Carex  intumescens,  .... 

X 

X 

X 

X 

asa-grayi, . 

lupulina, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

monile, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

tuckermani . 

. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


371 


ft 

IOWA. 

Minn. 

Wis. 

Ills. 

Mo. 

Kans. 

Neb. 

a 

c/5 

Carex  retrorsa, . 

X 

X 

X 

lurida  parvula, . 

hystricina, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

comosa, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

squarrosa, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

typhinoides, . 

X 

X 

trichocarpa, . -  .  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

' 

aristata . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

riparia, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

shortiana, . 

X 

X 

X 

*  X 

lanuginosa, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

filiformis, . ► 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

fusca, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

stricta,  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

stric.  angustata, . . 

X 

X 

havdeni, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

limosa, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

davisii, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

longirostris . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

grisea, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

amphibola, . 

granularN, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

crawei, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

conoidea, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

oligocarpa, . 

X 

X 

X 

hitchcockiana . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

meadii, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

laxiflora, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

lax.  blanda, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

digitalis  copulata, . 

albursina, . 

X 

X 

X 

setifolia, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

richardsoni, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pedunculata, . 

,x 

X 

X 

pedicellata . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pennsyl  vanica, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

pubescens, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

jamesii, . 

X 

X 

X 

chordorrhiza, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

stenophylla, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

conjuncta, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

stipata, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

crus-corvi, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

teretiuscula, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

teret.  prairea, . 

X 

X 

gravida . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

vulpinoidea, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

xanthocarpa,  . 

sartwellii . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

rosea, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

rosea  radiata,  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

sparganioides, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

cephaloidea, . 

X 

X 

cephalophora, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

372 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


• 

IOWA. 

Minn. 

Wis. 

Ills. 

Mo. 

Kans. 

Neb. 

S.  D. 

Carex  leaven worthii, . 

X 

sterilis, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

interior,  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

de  weyana, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

muskingumensis, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

tribuloides, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

trib.  bebbii, . 

X 

X 

X 

trib.  moniliformis, . 

X 

scoparia, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

cristatella,  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

foenea, . 

X 

X 

fcenea  perplexa, . 

X 

straminea, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

stram.  mirabilis, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

tenera, . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

festucacea,  . 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

alata,  . . 

X 

bicknellii, . 

X 

X 

X 

sychnocephala, . 

•  X 

X 

From  the  above  table  the  following  statements  are  deduced: 


Species  common  to  the  whole  group  .  .  .  .  .10 

Iowa  species  reported  from  Minnesota.  .  .  .  .89 

“  “  “  “  Wisconsin  .  .  .  .  .84 

“  “  “  “  Illinois  .  .  .  .  .96 

“  “  “  Missouri  .  .  .  .  .77 

“  “  “  “  Kansas  .  .  .  .  .78 

“  “  “  Nebraska  .  .  .  .  -57 

“  “  “  ‘  S.  Dakota  .  .  .  .  .32 


Per  cent,  of 

u  a  u 

44  44  44 

<1  t(  44 

44  i(  4  ( 

u  44  a 

a  44  a 


owa 

sedges 

in 

u 

U 

u 

W 

a 

u 

u 

a 

a 

n 

u 

a 

i  < 

4  i 

u 

•  < 

44 

Minnesota 

Wisconsin 

Illinois 

Missouri 

K  ansas 

Nebraska 

S.  Dakota 


78 

74 

85 

67 

68 
50 
28 


INDEX. 


* 


[synonyms  in  italics.] 


ex  adusta  Gray.  .  333 

36o>  369 

a  lata  Torr.  .  .  . 

•  •  363 

albursina  Sheldon.  . 

347;  367 

amphibola  Steud. 

•  •  344 

aperta  Boott  . 

•  •  342 

aquatilis  Wahl.  . 

•  •  343 

arida  Schwein.  &  Torr.  .  358 

aristata  R.  Br.  .  . 

.  .  340 

fisa-grayi  Bailey. 

•  •  335 

bicknellii  Britton  . 

363.  369 

bla}idaY)ew . 

•  •  347 

bromoides  Schkuhr. 

•  •  358 

buxbaumii  Wahl. 

•  •  341 

cephaloidea  Dew.  . 

•  •  356 

cephalophora  Muhl. 

356-  368 

ccphalophora  angustifoi 

ria 

Boott  .... 

•  •  357 

chordorrhiza  Linn.f. 

•  35o 

communis  Bailey. 

•  •  349 

comosa  Boott  .  . 

338,  367 

conjuncta  Boott  . 

•  •  35i 

conoidea  Schkuhr.  . 

•  •  345 

crawei  Dezvey.  . 

•  •  345 

cristata  Schwein. 

.  .  360 

cristatella  Britton  . 

360,  369 

crus-corvi  Shuttlezv. 

•  •  352 

davisii  Sc/nv.  &  Torr. 

343.  367 

deweyana  Schwein. 

•  •  358 

digitalis  copulata  Bailey.  347 

distich  a  Huds. 

•  •  355 

eburnea  Boott 

.  .  348 

festucacea  Wdld.  . 

362,  369 

flliformis  L. 

•  •  34i 

fil.  latifolia  Boeckl.  . 

•  •  341 

fil.  lanuginosa  Michx. 

•  •  34 1 

fcenea  Wdld. 

•  •  36° 

Carex  fcenea  perplexa  Bailey  361 


fusca  All . 341 

granularis  Muhl.  .  .  .  344 

gravida  Bailey  .  .  353,  368 

grav.  laxi folia  Bailey  .  .  353 

grayi  Carey . 335 

grisea  Wahl.  .  .  .  344,  367 


grrs.  angustifolia  Boott  .  344 

hay  deni  Dew . 342 

hitchcockiana  Derv.  346,  367 
houghtonii  Tory.  .  .  .  341 

hystricina  Muhl.  .  .  .  338 

interior  Bailey  ....  358 

intumescens  Radge.  .  .  335 

jamesii  Sc/nveiu.  .  .  .  350 

lagopodioides  Schkuhr.  .  359 

lanuginosa  Michx.  .  341,367 

laxiliora  Lam . 346 

laxiflora  blanda  Boott.  347,  367 
lax.  latifolia  Boott  .  .  .  347 

lax.  striatula  Boott  .  .  .  347 

leavenworthii  Dew.  .  .  357 

limosa  L . 343 

longirostris  Torr.  .  344,  367 

lupulina  Muhl.  .  .  336.  366 

lurida  parvula  ( Paine ) 

Bailey . 337 

meadii  Dew . 346 

meadii  bebbii  (Olnev) 

Arthur . 346 

mirabilis  Dew . 361 

monile  Tuck.  .  .  .  336,  366 

muskingumensis  Sch.  358,  368 

oligocarpa  Schkuhr.  .  .  345 

pedicellata  (Dew.)  Britton  349 
pedunculata  Muhl.  .  .  349 


373 


NATURAL  HISTORY  BULLETIN. 


374 

Carex  pennsyl  vanica  Lam.  349,  367 


338 
338 

•  338 

•  350 

•  337 

•  348 

•  349 
355.  368 
356>  368 

•  355 
36°,  368 


pseudo-cyperus  L. 
pseudo-cyp.  comosa  Boott 
pseudo-cyp.  americana 

Hoch.  .... 
pubescens  Muhl. 
retrorsa  Schzvein. 
richardsoni  R.  Br. 
riparia  W.  Curtis 
rosea  Schknhr.  . 
rosea  radiata  Detv. 
sartwellii  Dew. 
scoparia  Schknhr.  . 
setifolia  (Detv.)  Britton  .  348 

shortiana  Dew.  .  .  340,  367 

sparganioides  Muhl.  356,  368 

squarrosa  L . 338 

squarrosa  typhinoides 

Dewev . -  .  339 

stellulata  scirpoides  Boott  358 
stenophylla  Wahl.  .  .  351 

sterilis  Willd . 357 

steudellii  Kunth.  .  .  .  350 

stipata  Muhl.  .  .  352,  367 

straminea  Willd.  .  .  .  361 

strain,  mirabilis  (Dew.) 

Tuck . 361 

strain,  alata  Bailey.  .  .  363 

strain,  aperta  Boott  .  .  362 

strain,  brevior  Dew.  .  .  362 

strain,  crawei  Boott  .  .  363 

strain,  tenera  Bailey.  .  .  362 

stricta  Lain . 342 

stricta  angustata  Bailey.  342 
stricta  decora  Bailev.  .  .  342 

sy chnocephala  Carey.  .  363 

tenera  Dew.  .  .  .  362,  369 

teretiuscula  Good.  .  .  352 

ter.  prairea  (Dew.)  Brit- 

ion . 353 

ter.  ramosa  Boott  .  .  .  353 

tetanica  ineadii  Bailey .  .  346 

tribuloides  Wahl.  .  359,  368 

trib.  bebbii  (Olney)  Bai- 

ley . 359 

trib.  moniliformis  ( Tuck.) 

Britton  ....  359,  368 


Carex  trib.  reducta  Bailey  .  359 

trichocarpa  Muhl.  .  339,  367 

inch,  aristata  (R.  Br.) 

Bailey . 340 

trich.  deweyt  Bailey.  .  .  339 

trick,  imberbis  Gray  .  .  339 

trich.  Iceviconica  (Dew.) 

Hitch . 339 

tucke'rmani  Dew.  .  .  .  337 

typhinoides  Schwein.  339,  367 
vulpinoidea  Mich.  354,  368 
xanthocarpa  Bicknell.  354,  368 
Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl.) 

Torr . 333 

Cyperus . 318 

acuminatus  T.&  H.  319,365 
aristatus  Boeckl.  .  .  .  319 

diandrus  Torr.  .  .  .  318 

dian.  casta neus  Torr.  .  318 

erythrorhizos  Muhl.  .  .  320 

eseulentus  L,  .  .  320,  365 

filiculmis  Vahl.  .  322,  365 

inflexus  Muhl,  .  .  319,  364 

inichauxianus  Gray.  .  .  321 

phymatodes  Muhl.  .  .  .  320 

rivularis  Kunth.  .  318,  364 

schweinitzii  Torr.  319,  364 
speciosus  L.  .  .  321,  365 

strigosus  L.  .  .  .  321,365 

strig.  capitatus  Boeckl.  .  322 

strig.  compositus  Brit.  322,  365 
strig.  robustior  Kunth.  .  322 

Dulichil’m . 323 

arundinaceum  ( L .) 

Britt . 323 

spathaceum  Pers.  .  .  .  323 

Eleocharis . 323 

acicularis  (L.)  R  &  S.  325,  365 
atropurpurea  (Retz.) 

Kunth . 324 

acuminata  (Muhl.)  Nees.  326 
compressa  Sulliv.  .  .  .  326 

engelmanni  Steud.  .  .  324 

intermedia  (Muhl.) 

Schultes . 326 

ovata  (Roth.)  R.  d~  S.  324,365 
palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  324,  365 


M 


THE  IOWA  SEDGES. 


Eleocharis  pal.  glaucescens 
-  _  J  Gray.  “  T".  cT.To  oT  3  2  5 

tenuis  ( JVilld.)  Sc/nilt.  326,  366 

wolfii  Gray . 326 

Eriophorum . 331 

cyperinum  E . 330 

gracile  Koch . 332 

lineatum  Benth.  &  Hook.  330 
polystachyon  L.  331 

Hemicarpha . 332 

micrantha  (  Va/il.)  Brit . 332,  366 
subsquarrosa  Nees.  .  .  3^5 

Fimbristylis . 327 

autumnalis  (A.)  R.  &  S.  327 
capillar  is  A.  Gray  .  .  327 

castanea  [Mich. )  Vahl.  .  328 

Rhynchospora . 332 

alba  (A.)  Vahl . 332 

capillacea  ( Mich .)  Vahl.  .  332 


375 


SCIRPUS . 

.  328 

americanus  Pcrs.  . 

328,  366 

atrovirens  Muhl. 

330,  366 

cyperinus  (A.)  Kunth. 

•  330 

tluviatilis  ( Torr .)  Gray. 329,  366 

hallii  Gray'  . 

.  328 

lacustris  A.  . 

326,  366 

lineatus  Mtchx.  . 

33°)  366 

pungensN  ahl.  . 

.  328 

supinus  hallii  Gray. 

.  328 

tenuis  (Willd.)  . 

.  326 

triangularis  (Pers.)  Mac- 

Millan . 

.  328 

valid  us  Vahl. 

•  329 

Scleria . 

•  333 

triglome  rata  Michx. 

333-  366 

Stenophyllus . 

•  327 

capillaris  (A.)  Britton. 

•  327 

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Explanation  of  Plate  I. 


Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Mu  hi.,  p.  320. 

Whole  plant  X  \- 

Immature  akene,  with  a  pair  of  the  detached  rachis  wings. 

X  12.  (The  mature  akene  is  sharply  triangular.) 

A  single  scale  X  12. 


PLATE  I. 


UBRtfSV 

OF  WE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


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f  y,  &  , 


Explanation  of  Plate  II. 


Carex  shortiana  Dew.,  p.  340. 

Whole  plant  X  f. 

Perigynium  X  11. 

(This  should  show  slight  transverse  wrinkles. 
A  single  scale  X  1 1. 


PLATE  II 


'-HaVh  «  J  hY,v'0'’3«\- 


OF  Wt  . 
university  of  U*» 


Explanation  of  Plate  III. 


Carex  amphibola  Steud.,  p.  344. 

Whole  plant  X  y. 

Perigynium  and  scale,  each  X  9- 


PLATE  III. 


(SI. 


LIBRARY" 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY"  OF  ILLINOIS 


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Explanation  of  Plate  IV. 


Carex  crawei  Dew.,  p.  345. 

Whole  plant  X  h 

Perigynium  and  scale,  each  X  12. 


PLATE  IV. 


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tlBRAWT 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


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Explanation  of  Plate 


Carex  <7  gitalis  copulata  Bailey,  p.  347. 

Whole  plant  X  jj. 

Perigx  nium  and  scale,  each  X  ii- 


PLATE  V. 


» 


imm 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MINOS 


Explanation  of  Plate  VI. 


Carex  stenophylla  Wahl.,  p.  351. 

Whole  plant  X  |- 
Perigyniiim  and  scale,  each  X  16. 


PLATE  VI. 


UBRAffr 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


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Explanation  of  Plate  VII. 


Carex  xanthocarpa  Bicknell,  p.  354. 

Whole  plant  X  f* 

Perigynium  X  n. 

Two  scales ;  the  upper  long-awned  scale  from  the  basal  portion 
of  the  spikelet,  the  lower  from  the  middle  of  the  spikelet, 
each  X  n- 


PLATE  VII. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

MEKSrTY  OF  ILLINOIS 


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Explanation  of  Plate  VIII. 


Carex  tribuloides  bebbii  (Olney)  Bailey,  p.  359. 

Whole  plant  X  |- 

Perigynium  and  scale,  each  X  n- 

The  reference  in  the  text,  p.363,  should  be  after  No.  66  instead 
of  No.  65. 


PLATE  VIII. 


OF  THE 

UNIVIR8ITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


■ 


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* 

. 

. 

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1  m  ■ 


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Explanation  of  Plate  IX. 


Carex  sych nocephala  Carey,  p.  363. 

Whole  plant  X  b 
Perigynium  and  scale,  each  X  9- 


PLATE  IX. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


' 


3  . 


t 


Explanation  of  Plate  X. 

Cy perns  esculent  us  L.,  p.  320.  j 

Whole  plant  X  §•  1 

Immature  akene,  vvifh  the  three  filaments  from  which  the 
anthers  have  fallen,  X  9- 
A  single  scale  X  9- 


PLATE  X. 


-  >|ftVV.e  <5.  §V'Ty^t\- 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


